Equine Standing sedation Flashcards
How is a balanced approach to standing sedation achieved?
By supplementing sedatives and tranquilizers with systemic analgesic or regional anesthetic
What drug class is the main stem component of any standing sedation in horses?
Alpha 2s
What are some examples of Alpha-2s used in standing horse sedation?
Xylazine
Romifidine
Detomidine
Dexmedetomidine
What is the peak effect of IV administered Alpha-2s?
2 to 5 minutes
What is the peak effect of IM administered Alpha-2s?
15 to 30 minutes
All Alpha 2’s produces what?
Reliable, sedative, visceral and somatic analgesic and muscle relaxant
What are the side effects of Alpha-2 administration?
Bradycardia 2nd degree AV block Biphasic hypertension followed by hypotension Increased urine production Moderate hyperglycemia Sweating Decreased GI motility
What class of drugs are used synergistically with Alpha-2s
Opioids
What are some examples of opioids?
Butorphanol
Morphine
Buprenorphine
Methadone
What are some side effects of opioids used in standing sedation of horses?
Excitment
GI hypomotility
Histamine Release causing urticaria and hypotension (espically with merperidine)
What other drug can be administered at sub-anesthetic doses to provide analgesiaL
Ketamine
What drug is administered systemically to provide analgesia, and sedation, along with anti-inflammatory, prokinetic, and anti-endotoxemic effects?
Lidocaine
What is the main nerve involved in blocking a horses’ mouth?
The Trigeminal nerve
What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Ophthalamic area
Maxillary area
Mandibular area
What dental structures are blocked when a maxillary nerve block is performed?
Maxilla
Premaxilla
Paranasal sinuses
Nasal cavity
Where do you insert the needle for a maxillary nerve block?
Just ventral to the zygomatic process and dorsal to the transverse facial vessels
What dental structures are blocked when a mandibular nerve block is performed?
Ipsilateral side of the mandible and all of its dental structures are blocked
Where is the needle inserted when performing a mandibular nerve block?
At the ventral border of the Ramus of the mandible and advanced dorsally toward the mandibular foramen
What dental structures are blocked when the Mental nerve block is performed?
Ipsilateral side of the rostral mandible, canine and incisor teeth and lower lip
Where is the needle inserted to perform a mental nerve block?
As the nerve exits the mental foramen, the lateral side of the mandible, rostral to the 1st cheek tooth
What structures are blocked when the infraorbital nerve block is used?
Skin of the ipsilateral lip, nostril, and face up to the level of the infraorbital canal
Where is the needle inserted to perform an infraorbital nerve block?
As the nerve exits the infraorbital foramen, lies beneath levator labii superioris muscle
What does a tooth root infection cause?
Unilateral nasal discharge
Fluid line on radiographs
What is a standing maxillary bone flap used to treat?
Secondary sinusitis
