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Equine bacterial respiratory disease Flashcards

1
Q

What causes strangles? What is strangles?

A

Streptococcus equi var equi

Contagious equine rhinopharyngitis

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2
Q

Describe the morbidity, mortality and cost of strangles

A

High morbidity
Low mortality
Expensive

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3
Q

What does strangles affect?

A

URT and lymph nodes in head

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of strangles?

A 
Pyrexia
Dull
Inappetance
Oedema
Major swelling of lymph nodes 'strangled'
Dyspnoea
Inflammatory changes on blood samples
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5
Q

In severe cases, what treatment may be required for strangles? Why?

A

Tracheotomy

Pharyngeal compression - causes dyspnoea?

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6
Q

Describe the affect of strangles on the guttural pouch

A

Lymph node abscesses burst into guttural pouch
Forms guttural pouch empyema
If not treated, thickens and solidifies to form chondroids

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7
Q

What is bastard strangles? What is the prognosis?

A

Chronic form of strangles
Abscesses form in other lymph nodes and other tissues
Usually fatal

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8
Q

What is a complication of strangles? What does it cause? How is it treated?

A

Purpura haemorrhagica
Autoimmune reaction
Causes bleeding capillaries and red spots on skin, severe illness
NSAIDs and immunosuppressants

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9
Q

Describe carriers of strangles

A

10% of recovered become carriers
Asympomatic but chondroids present in guttural pouch
Intermittent shedding for years

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10
Q

Basically describe the streptococcus equi var equi bacteria

A

Gram positive coccoid
Facultative anaerobe
Obligate pathogen (significant if found!)

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11
Q

What are the virulence factors for streptococcus equi var equi?

A

M-protein on cell wall - antiphagocytic
Iron uptake system
Hyaluronic acid capsule

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12
Q

How is strangles spread?

A

Highly contagious, spread by fomites, direct contact, feed/water contamination

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13
Q

How long does streptococcus equi var equi survive in the environment? Is it susceptible to disinfectants?

A

4 weeks
Sensitive to desiccation, sunlight and heat
Sensitive to most disinfectants

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14
Q

When do attack rates of strangles increase?

A

Large group sizes
Movement and mixing of horses
Communal feeders/drinkers
Immunocompromised horses

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15
Q

How is strangles diagnosed? What is the significance of these techniques?

A

Culture - positive significant as obligate pathogen
PCR - positive significant as obligate pathogen
Serology of Abs to s.equi (shows exposure but not infection! remain seropositive for 6 months after infection)

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16
Q

How do you confirm a horse is free from strangles?

A

1 negative guttural pouch wash result

3 -ve nasal swabs each week for 3 weeks

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17
Q

What is the treatment for strangles?

A 
Asymptomatic treatment (soft feed, anti-inflammatories, tracheotomy)
Antimicrobials
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18
Q

What control measures are taken in a strangles outbreak?

A

BIOSECURITY
Quarantine for 2 weeks
Serology new arrivals
No movement on/off yard
Monitor temperatues daily
Must be free of disease before opening yard
If +ve ELISA or temperature, do guttural pouch PCR

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19
Q

Horses are given a colour code during a strangles outbreak. What are these colours?

A 
Green = no contact with confirmed case
Yellow = contact with confirmed case
Red = confirmed case
20
Q

Is there a vaccination for strangles? How long does it last? Are there any considerations for this vaccine when testing for strangles?

A

Yes - live modified vaccine
3 months
Can’t distinguish vaccine from natural infection

21
Q

What bacteria causes rattles? What is rattles?

A

Rhodococcus equi

Suppurative bronchopneumonia of foals

22
Q

What age animals are susceptible to rattles?

A

Foals
Acute in younger foals
Chronic in older foals

23
Q

What are the symptoms of acute rattles (young foals)?

A

Fever
Anorexia
Cough
Nasal discharge

24
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic rattles (older foals)?

A 
Cough 
Dyspnoea
Weight loss
Moist crackles on auscultation
Pulmonary abscess
Occasional D+
25
Describe the prognosis of rattles
Low mortality | Affects number of horses reaching track but doesn't affect
26
What is the pathogenesis of rhodococcus equi?
Similar to TB, slow progression Multiplies in alveolar macrophages and destroys them Leads to abscess, destruction of alveoli and Peyer's patches
27
What is the incubation period of strangles?
10-20 days
28
What are the complications of rattles?
Septic arthritis, polyarthritis Granuloatous ulcerative enterocolitis Corneal oedema
29
Basically describe the rhodococcus equi
Gram positive rod Aerobic saprophyte Part of normal GI flora
30
What are the virulence factors of rhodococcus equi?
Lipid rich capsule inhibits phacoytosis | Antigens encoded by virulence associate plasmid (VAP), only expressed at high temperatures
31
What is the transmission of rhodococcus equi?
``` Inhalation route (affects cranial right lung) Oral route (ingesting organisms from airway secretions) ```
32
How is rattles diagnosed?
``` Clinical signs Tracheal wash and culture PCR of VAP plasmid Ultrasound/radiography ONLY AT CHRONIC STAGE ```
33
What is the difficulty with diagnosing rattles in foals?
Part of normal GI flora Healthy animals can have positive culture Use clinical signs and VAP to help diagnosis
34
What is the treatment for rattles?
Supportive (low dust, warm, feed intake, anti-inflammatories) Long term antimicrobials (macrolides, rifampin)
35
Is there are a vaccine for rattles?
No
36
How can the spread of rattles be controlled/reduced?
Quarantine Prevent overcrowding Reduce dust Examine foals closely
37
Is rhodococcus equi resistant to disinfectants?
Yes | And acids and alkalis
38
How long does rhodococcus equi survive in the soil/LI of large horses?
1-3 years
39
What can prevent rattles in young foals? When is this given?
Hyperimmune plasma | At 1-3 days old and 3 weeks
40
What is bronchopneumonia and pleuropneumonia?
Inflammation of lungs arising in bronchi | Inflammation of lungs and pleura
41
What are the predisposing factors for broncho/pleuropenumonia?
``` Shipping fever (long distance transport) Viral respiratory disease Aspiration pneumonia GA/surgery Exercise ```
42
How is broncho/pleuropneumonia diagnosed?
Ultrasound Thoracocentesis Culture
43
What are the clinical signs of broncho/pleuropneumonia?
``` Systemic illness - pyrexia, depression, increased HR/RR Reduced lung sounds Dull percussion Soft cough Pleurodynia ```
44
What are the 4 stages of pleuropneumonia?
Bronchopneumonia Acute exudative stage Fibrinopurulent stage Organisational stage
45
What happens in the 2nd stage of pleuropneumonia, acute exudative stage?
Inflammation of the lung and leura | Sterile exudate
46
What happens in the 3rd stage of pleuropneumonia, the fibrinopurulent stage?
Bacteria invade and multiply in pleura Fibrin deposits on pleural surfaces Lymphatic obstruction

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