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Equine bacterial respiratory disease Flashcards

1
Q

What causes strangles? What is strangles?

A

Streptococcus equi var equi

Contagious equine rhinopharyngitis

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2
Q

Describe the morbidity, mortality and cost of strangles

A

High morbidity
Low mortality
Expensive

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3
Q

What does strangles affect?

A

URT and lymph nodes in head

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of strangles?

A 
Pyrexia
Dull
Inappetance
Oedema
Major swelling of lymph nodes 'strangled'
Dyspnoea
Inflammatory changes on blood samples
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5
Q

In severe cases, what treatment may be required for strangles? Why?

A

Tracheotomy

Pharyngeal compression - causes dyspnoea?

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6
Q

Describe the affect of strangles on the guttural pouch

A

Lymph node abscesses burst into guttural pouch
Forms guttural pouch empyema
If not treated, thickens and solidifies to form chondroids

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7
Q

What is bastard strangles? What is the prognosis?

A

Chronic form of strangles
Abscesses form in other lymph nodes and other tissues
Usually fatal

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8
Q

What is a complication of strangles? What does it cause? How is it treated?

A

Purpura haemorrhagica
Autoimmune reaction
Causes bleeding capillaries and red spots on skin, severe illness
NSAIDs and immunosuppressants

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9
Q

Describe carriers of strangles

A

10% of recovered become carriers
Asympomatic but chondroids present in guttural pouch
Intermittent shedding for years

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10
Q

Basically describe the streptococcus equi var equi bacteria

A

Gram positive coccoid
Facultative anaerobe
Obligate pathogen (significant if found!)

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11
Q

What are the virulence factors for streptococcus equi var equi?

A

M-protein on cell wall - antiphagocytic
Iron uptake system
Hyaluronic acid capsule

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12
Q

How is strangles spread?

A

Highly contagious, spread by fomites, direct contact, feed/water contamination

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13
Q

How long does streptococcus equi var equi survive in the environment? Is it susceptible to disinfectants?

A

4 weeks
Sensitive to desiccation, sunlight and heat
Sensitive to most disinfectants

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14
Q

When do attack rates of strangles increase?

A

Large group sizes
Movement and mixing of horses
Communal feeders/drinkers
Immunocompromised horses

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15
Q

How is strangles diagnosed? What is the significance of these techniques?

A

Culture - positive significant as obligate pathogen
PCR - positive significant as obligate pathogen
Serology of Abs to s.equi (shows exposure but not infection! remain seropositive for 6 months after infection)

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16
Q

How do you confirm a horse is free from strangles?

A

1 negative guttural pouch wash result

3 -ve nasal swabs each week for 3 weeks

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17
Q

What is the treatment for strangles?

A 
Asymptomatic treatment (soft feed, anti-inflammatories, tracheotomy)
Antimicrobials
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18
Q

What control measures are taken in a strangles outbreak?

A

BIOSECURITY
Quarantine for 2 weeks
Serology new arrivals
No movement on/off yard
Monitor temperatues daily
Must be free of disease before opening yard
If +ve ELISA or temperature, do guttural pouch PCR

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19
Q

Horses are given a colour code during a strangles outbreak. What are these colours?

A 
Green = no contact with confirmed case
Yellow = contact with confirmed case
Red = confirmed case
20
Q

Is there a vaccination for strangles? How long does it last? Are there any considerations for this vaccine when testing for strangles?

A

Yes - live modified vaccine
3 months
Can’t distinguish vaccine from natural infection

21
Q

What bacteria causes rattles? What is rattles?

A

Rhodococcus equi

Suppurative bronchopneumonia of foals

22
Q

What age animals are susceptible to rattles?

A

Foals
Acute in younger foals
Chronic in older foals

23
Q

What are the symptoms of acute rattles (young foals)?

A

Fever
Anorexia
Cough
Nasal discharge

24
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic rattles (older foals)?

A 
Cough 
Dyspnoea
Weight loss
Moist crackles on auscultation
Pulmonary abscess
Occasional D+
25
Q

Describe the prognosis of rattles

A

Low mortality

Affects number of horses reaching track but doesn’t affect

26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rhodococcus equi?

A

Similar to TB, slow progression
Multiplies in alveolar macrophages and destroys them
Leads to abscess, destruction of alveoli and Peyer’s patches

27
Q

What is the incubation period of strangles?

A

10-20 days

28
Q

What are the complications of rattles?

A

Septic arthritis, polyarthritis
Granuloatous ulcerative enterocolitis
Corneal oedema

29
Q

Basically describe the rhodococcus equi

A

Gram positive rod
Aerobic saprophyte
Part of normal GI flora

30
Q

What are the virulence factors of rhodococcus equi?

A

Lipid rich capsule inhibits phacoytosis

Antigens encoded by virulence associate plasmid (VAP), only expressed at high temperatures

31
Q

What is the transmission of rhodococcus equi?

A 
Inhalation route (affects cranial right lung)
Oral route (ingesting organisms from airway secretions)
32
Q

How is rattles diagnosed?

A 
Clinical signs
Tracheal wash and culture
PCR of VAP plasmid
Ultrasound/radiography
ONLY AT CHRONIC STAGE
33
Q

What is the difficulty with diagnosing rattles in foals?

A

Part of normal GI flora
Healthy animals can have positive culture
Use clinical signs and VAP to help diagnosis

34
Q

What is the treatment for rattles?

A

Supportive (low dust, warm, feed intake, anti-inflammatories)
Long term antimicrobials (macrolides, rifampin)

35
Q

Is there are a vaccine for rattles?

A

No

36
Q

How can the spread of rattles be controlled/reduced?

A

Quarantine
Prevent overcrowding
Reduce dust
Examine foals closely

37
Q

Is rhodococcus equi resistant to disinfectants?

A

Yes

And acids and alkalis

38
Q

How long does rhodococcus equi survive in the soil/LI of large horses?

A

1-3 years

39
Q

What can prevent rattles in young foals? When is this given?

A

Hyperimmune plasma

At 1-3 days old and 3 weeks

40
Q

What is bronchopneumonia and pleuropneumonia?

A

Inflammation of lungs arising in bronchi

Inflammation of lungs and pleura

41
Q

What are the predisposing factors for broncho/pleuropenumonia?

A 
Shipping fever (long distance transport)
Viral respiratory disease
Aspiration pneumonia
GA/surgery
Exercise
42
Q

How is broncho/pleuropneumonia diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound
Thoracocentesis
Culture

43
Q

What are the clinical signs of broncho/pleuropneumonia?

A 
Systemic illness - pyrexia, depression, increased HR/RR
Reduced lung sounds
Dull percussion
Soft cough
Pleurodynia
44
Q

What are the 4 stages of pleuropneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia
Acute exudative stage
Fibrinopurulent stage
Organisational stage

45
Q

What happens in the 2nd stage of pleuropneumonia, acute exudative stage?

A

Inflammation of the lung and leura

Sterile exudate

46
Q

What happens in the 3rd stage of pleuropneumonia, the fibrinopurulent stage?

A

Bacteria invade and multiply in pleura
Fibrin deposits on pleural surfaces
Lymphatic obstruction

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