Canine viral infections

Question 1

What is important to consider about first vaccination timing in puppies?

Answer 1

Maternally derived antibodies block vaccine
If MDA lasts short time - immunity gap
If MDA lasts long time - vaccination will not work

Question 2

At what ages should puppies be initially vaccinated

Answer 2

9 and 12 weeks

Annual boosters

Question 3

Which dog vaccine is given every 3 years, rather than yearly?

Answer 3

Parvo - vaccine

Question 4

What is the gold standard (very expensive!) way to predict when a vaccination booster is needed?

Answer 4

Measuring Ab concentrations

Question 5

Canine distemper virus is rare in the UK, but infects which species?

Answer 5

Dogs
Ferrets
Badgers
Primates
Marine mammals

Question 6

What virus causes canine distemper? What is it closely related to?

Answer 6

Morbillivirus

Measles/mumps

Question 7

Describe the pathogenesis of canine distemper

Answer 7

Oronasal infection
Virus multiples in lymphoid tissue of respiratory tract
Spreads to other LTs, bone marrow, spleen, epithelium and

Question 8

What are the clinical signs of canine distemper? (Can be subclinical - causes multi system disease)

Answer 8

Anorexia
Depression 
Pyrexia
Ocular/nasal discharge
Coughing 
Conjunctivitis
V+, D+

Question 9

What is the treatment for canine distemper?

Answer 9

No antivirals - supportive and symptomatic treatment

Antibacterials for secondary infections

Question 10

What type of virus (live, attenuated, dead) is in the canine distemper vaccine

Answer 10

Modified live

Question 11

There are two types of canine adenovirus. What are these?

Answer 11

CAV-1 (infectious hepatitis)

CAV-2

Question 12

What are the symptoms of CAV-1?

Answer 12

Infectious hepatitis
Systemic disease
(URT disease)

Question 13

What are the symptoms of CAV-2?

Answer 13

Respiratory disease

Question 14

CAV-1 causes infectious hepatitis. It is very hardy and survives weeks in environment. What is the pathogenesis of CAV-1?

Answer 14

Oronasal infection
Enters blood stream - viraemia
Spreads to many tissues
Localises and damages hepatic cells (LIVER)

Question 15

Where does CAV-1 persist? How long is it excreted/shed for?

Answer 15

Kidneys

6-9 months

Question 16

What are the clinical signs of infectious hepatitis?

Answer 16

Pyrexia
Depression 
Lethargy
Hepatomegaly
Abdominal pain 
Haemorrhagic V+ D+
Corneal oedema and uveitis

Question 17

How is infectious hepatitis diagnosed?

Answer 17

Virus isolation from faecal sample
Oropharyngeal swabs
Serology
Histopathology of liver (post mortem)

Question 18

What is the treatment of infectious hepatitis?

Answer 18

No specific antivirals
Supportive and symptomatic treatment
Antibacterials for secondary infections

Question 19

Is there a vaccination for canine adenoviruses?

Answer 19

Yes - CAV-2

Not CAV-1 due to causing corneal oedema

Question 20

Is canine parvovirus large or small? Is it enveloped or not? Is it DNA or RNA?

Answer 20

Small
Unenveloped
DNA virus

Question 21

What cells does canine parvovirus affect?

Answer 21

Rapidly dividing cells (intestines, bone marrow)

Question 22

What haematological abnormality does parvovirus cause?

Answer 22

Leucopenia

Question 23

What is the pathogenesis of canine parvovirus (CPV-2)

Answer 23

Faecal oral transmission
Replicates in lymphoid tissue and intestinal crypts of villi
Destroys GI epithelium
Secondary infections

Question 24

Why is canine parvovirus rare in neonates? Where does it replicate when exposed in utero or to neonates?

Answer 24

MDA protection

Replicates in myocardium and causes myocarditis

Question 25

Clinical signs of parvo are more severe in young growing pups. What are the clinical signs?

Answer 25

``` Anorexia Depression Pyrexia GI signs (haemorrhagic V+/D+) Dehydration Sepsis Sudden death ```

Question 26

How is parvovirus diagnosed?

Answer 26

``` Clinical signs ELISA Culture PCR Virus detection in faeces Serology Post-mortem (lack of villi, depletion of lymphoid tissue) ```

Question 27

How is canine parvovirus transmitted?

Answer 27

Direct contact with contaminated faeces | Indirect contact via fomites, environment

Question 28

How long is canine parvovirus shed for?

Answer 28

10-12 days | In faeces

Question 29

What type of parvovirus is used in dog vaccines (live, attenuated, weak)

Answer 29

Live attenuated

Question 30

How can parvovirus be prevented?

Answer 30

Vaccination removal of virus from environment Neonatal protection from mother (colostrum)

Question 31

What virus is the cause of rabies?

Answer 31

European bat lyssavirus (EBLV)

Question 32

How is rabies transmitted? What body system does it infect?

Answer 32

Bites, scratches, saliva | CNS - usually fatal

Question 33

How is rabies controlled?

Answer 33

Quarantine Vaccination Travel schemes

Question 34

Canine herpes virus can affect foetuses, neonates and adults. What does it cause in foetuses?

Answer 34

Infertility Abortion Still birth

Question 35

What does herpes virus cause in neonates?

Answer 35

Severe systemic multiorgan failure

Question 36

Which body systems does herpes affect in adult dogs?

Answer 36

Genital | Respiratory

Question 37

How is canine herpes virus prevented?

Answer 37

Vaccination given to dams

Question 38

Canine papilloma virus is host specific. What does it cause? What age dogs are most common?

Answer 38

Benign warts | Young dogs