Enzyme Flashcards
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions in an organism
Sunlight energy
The primary source of energy for life on Earth
Cellular Energy
Energy stored in the bonds of biomolecules
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up a reaction, without itself being used up in the reaction
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up a reaction without being used up in the reactions
Features of enzymes
Made of protein
Specific shape for its specific substrate
Complex 3-D shape
Their reactions are reversible
Catabolic enzyme
Breaks down a substance into simpler parts e.g amylase, pepsin, lipase
Anabolic emzyme
Convert simple substances into more complex substances
E.g DNA ligase used in genetic engineeringto join 2 DNA
DNA polymerase - forms and repairs DNA
Denatured enzyme
Has lost its shape and can no longer function
Affecting factors in enzymes: Temperature
Low temperature
-> ice forms
Cells are solid
Enzymes are frozen and cannot work
High temperature
Loses its shape
Becomes denatured
Affecting factors of enzymes: pH
Only works at 6-8 optimum pH
Loses its and becomes denatured if its too high
Immobilized enzyme
Enzymes that are attached, or fixed, to each other or to an inert material
Bioprocessing
The use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product
Bioreaction
A vessel or a container in which living cells or their producers are used to make a product
Method of immobilizing enzyme
Attached to each other. (By absorption)
Attached to insoluble supports (By absorption)
Enclosed within a membrane or gel
Advantages of immobilized enzymes
Reusable - cost effective
Immobilizing enzymes increases stability
Cheaper process than using free enzymes
Uses of immobilized enzymes
Glucose isomerase - turns glucose to sweeter fructose
Penicillin acylase - alters fhe structure of penicllin. Expensive + reusable
Lactase - converts lactose into into simpler sweeter sugars (glucose+ galactase) turns condensed milk into caramel
Active site
The part of an enzyme that combines with the substrate
Mechanism of enzyme action
Enzyme combines with substrate
Active site is induced or changes shape to fit into the substrate Enzyme-substrate complex is formed. Bonds in subsrtate alter to make substrate into product
Products leave the active site
Enzyme returns back to its original shape
Enzyme specificity
Each enzyme will react with only one particular substrate
Optimum pH
The pH value at which the enzyme works best
Causes of denaturation
Heat
pH
Radiation
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate Low energy molecule Contains: Ribose-five carbon sugar Adenine-base in DNA + RNA Two phosphates (unstable bond)
ATP
High energy molecule
Short term energy carrier (moves around in cell)
ATP + Water -> ADP + P + Energy (release energy)
Glucose is broken down into ATP
ATP provides energy for human functions
NADP+*
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
Low-energy molecule
Can accept 2electrons + 1 Hydrogen ion -> NADPH
Called molecule reduction
NADPH
High Energy molecule
Carries electron and hydrogen
Those are used for photosynthesis to make glucose
Releases electrons and hydrogen when broken down
NAD+*
Low energy molecule
Used in respiration
NADH
High energy molecule
Used for respiration
