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Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Scientific Method

A

A process of investigation in which problems are identified and their suggested explanation are tested by carrying out experiments

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2
Q

Observation

A

When something is noticed

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess based on observation

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4
Q

Experiment

A

Designed to test a hypothesis

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5
Q

Data

A

Consista of the measurements, observations or information gathered from experiments

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6
Q

Conclusion

A

A summary of the results of an experiment

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7
Q

Theory

A

A hypothesis that has been supported by many different experiments

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8
Q

Principle/Law

A

Arises from a theory that has been shown to be valid when fully tested over a long period of time

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9
Q

Variable

A

A factor that may change in an experiment

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10
Q

Control

A

Used to provide a comparison against which the actual experiment can be judged

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11
Q

Replicate

A

A repeat of an experiment

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12
Q

Doubke Blind

A

Both the investigator and the participant are unaware of the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving

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13
Q

Ethics

A

Relates to whether conduct is right or wrong

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14
Q

Organism

A

A living thing

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism

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16
Q

Continuity of life

A

Living things arise from other living things of the same type

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17
Q

Organism

A

Living things are are composed of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems

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18
Q

Nutrition

A

The way organism obtain and use food

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19
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of waste products of metabolism of the body

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20
Q

Response

A

The way in which all living things react to changes in their environment

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21
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Involves the union of sex cells

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22
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Does not involve the union of cells and only involves one parent

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23
Q

Biomolecules

A

Chemicals that are made inside a living things

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24
Q

Biomolecules

A

Chemicals that are made inside a living things

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25
Q

Phospholipids

A

Fat-like substances in which one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group or has a phosphate group added to it.

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26
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Use energy to convert smaller molecules into larger molecules

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27
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Release energy when a complex molecules is broken down to a simpler form

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28
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the interactons between living things and between organisms and their environment

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29
Q

Biosphere

A

That part of the planet containing living organism

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30
Q

Ecosystem

A

A group of clearly distinguished organisms that interact with their environment as a unit

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31
Q

Habitat

A

The place where a plant pr animal lives

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32
Q

Population

A

All the members of the same species living in an area

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33
Q

Community

A

All different populations in an area

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34
Q

Abiotic factor

A

Non-living factors

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35
Q

Biotic factor

A

Living factors

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36
Q

Climatic factors

A

Refer to weather over a long period of time

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37
Q

Edaphic factor

A

Relate to soil

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38
Q

Producers

A

Organisms that carry out photosynthesis

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39
Q

Flora

A

All the plants in an ecosystem

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40
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that take in food from another organism

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41
Q

Fauna

A

All the animals in an ecosystem

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42
Q

Decomposer

A

Organism that feed in dead organic matter

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43
Q

Food chain

A

A sequence of organisma in which each one is easten by the next member in the chain

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44
Q

Trophic level

A

A feeding stage in a food chain

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45
Q

Food web

A

Consists of two or more inter-linked food chains

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46
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

Represents the nunber of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain

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47
Q

Niche

A

The functional role it plays in the community

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48
Q

Nutrient recycling

A

The way in which elements such as carbon and nitrogen are exchanged between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem

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49
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

The conversion of nitrogrn gas into ammonia, ammonium or nitrate

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50
Q

Nitrification

A

The conversion of ammonia and ammonium compounds to nitrite and then nitrate

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51
Q

Denitrification

A

The conversion of nitrates to nitrogen gas

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52
Q

Pollution

A

Any harmful additon to the environment

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53
Q

Conservation

A

The wise management of the existing natural resources in an ecosystem in order to maintain a wide range of habitats and prevent the death and extinction of organisms.

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54
Q

Competition

A

When organisms actively struggle for a resource that is in short supply

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55
Q

Intra-specific competition

A

Takes place between members or the same species

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56
Q

Inter-specific competition

A

Occurs between membere of different species

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57
Q

Contest competition

A

There is an active physical contedt between two individual organisms

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58
Q

Scramble competition

A

All the competing individuals gets some of the resources

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59
Q

Predation

A

The catching, killing and eating of another organism

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60
Q

Predator

A

An organism that catches, kills and eats another organism

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61
Q

Prey

A

The organism that is eaten by the predator

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62
Q

Parasitism

A

Occurs when two organisms of different species live in close associations with each other and one organism obtains its food from and to the disadvantage of the second organism

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63
Q

Symbiosis

A

Ooccurs when two organisms of different species live in close association and at least one of them benefits

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64
Q

Qualitative study

A

Records the presence and absence of organisms

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65
Q

Quantitative study

A

Records the number of organisms that are present

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66
Q

Adaptation

A

Any alteration that improves an organisms chances of survival and reproduction

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67
Q

Key

A

Naming organisms by answering a seriee if questions with alternative answers

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68
Q

Percentage cover

A

An estimate of the amount of ground in a quadrat covered by each species

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69
Q

Frequency

A

The chance of finding a named species with any one throw of a quadrat

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70
Q

Protoplasm

A

All the living parts of a cell

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71
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The living materials in a cell outside the nucleus

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72
Q

Chromatin

A

The name given to chromosomes they are elongated and not dividing

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73
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Do not have a nucleus or membrane enclosed cell organelles

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74
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Have a nucleus and cell organelles all of which are enclosed by membranes

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75
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that are modified to carry out the same function

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76
Q

Tissue culture

A

The growth of cells in or on a sterile nutrient medium outside an organism

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77
Q

Organ

A

A structure composed of a number of tissues that work together to carry out one or more functions

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78
Q

Solar energy

A

Energy from the sun

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79
Q

Cellular energy

A

The energy stored in the bonds of biomolecules

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80
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up a reaction without itself being used up in the reaction

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81
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that speed up a reaction without being used up in the reaction

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82
Q

Substrate

A

The substance with which an enzyme reactd

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83
Q

Product

A

The substancd the enzyme forms

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84
Q

Denatured enzyme

A

An enzyme that has lost its shape and can no longer function

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85
Q

Bioprocessing

A

The use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product

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86
Q

Bioreactor

A

A vessel or container in which living cells or their products are used to make a product

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87
Q

Immobilised enzyme

A

Enzymes that are attached or fixed to each other or to an inert material

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88
Q

Enzyme specificity

A

Each enzyme will react with only one particular substrate

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89
Q

Optimum pH

A

The pH value at which the enzyme works best

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90
Q

Photolysis

A

The splitting of water by light

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91
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

The controlled release if energy from food using oxygen

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92
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

The controlled release of energy from food without using oxygen

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93
Q

Fermentation

A

Another name for anaerobic respiration

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94
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of living things or their components to manufacture useful products or to carry out useful reactions

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95
Q

Glycolysis

A

The conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

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96
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Allows some but not all molecules to pass through

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97
Q

Diffusion

A

The spreading out of molesioes from a region if high concentration to a region if low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

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98
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration

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99
Q

Turgor

A

The outward pressure of the cytoplasm and vacuole against the cell wall of the plant

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100
Q

Cell continuity

A

Cells develop from pre-existing cells

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101
Q

Chromosomes

A

Coiled threads of DNA and protein that become visible in the nucleus at cell division

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102
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that contains the instructions for the formation of a protein

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103
Q

Haploid cell

A

Has one set of chromosomes

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104
Q

Diploid

A

Has two sets of chromosomes

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105
Q

Homologous pair

A

Two chromosomes of similar size with the same sequence of genes

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106
Q

Cell cycle

A

The changes that take place in a cell during the period between one cell division and the next

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107
Q

Interphase

A

The phase in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing

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108
Q

Mitosis

A

A form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei each containing the same number of chromosomes with identical genes

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109
Q

Meiosis

A

A form of nuclear division in which the four daughter nuclei contain half the chromosome number of the parent nucleus

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110
Q

Centromere

A

The point at which the chromosomes are attached in a double strandd chromosome

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111
Q

Heredity

A

The passing on of features from parents to offpsring by means of genes

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112
Q

Gene expression

A

The way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell and used to make a protein

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113
Q

Characteristics

A

Traits or features that are inherited genetically

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114
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

DNA that does not cause the production of a protein

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115
Q

Genetic code

A

The sequence of baaes in DNA that provide the instructions for a cell to form a protein

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116
Q

Triplet/Codon

A

A sequence of three bases in DNA that act as a code for an amino acid

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117
Q

Triplet/Codon

A

A sequence of three bases in DNA that act as a code for an amino acid

118
Q

DNA profile

A

A method of making a unique pattern of bands from the DNA of a person which can then be used to compare with the DNA profile of another person

119
Q

Forensic medicine

A

The way in which medical knowledge is used in legal situations

120
Q

Genetic screening

A

Testing DNA for the presence or absenfe of a particular gene or an altered gene

121
Q

Transcription

A

The copying of a sequence of genetic bases in DNA onto messenger RNA

122
Q

Translation

A

The conversion of a sequence of genetic bases on messenger RNA into a sequence of amino acids

123
Q

Purine

A

Adenine and Guanine

124
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Thymine and Cytosine

125
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of three basss in tRNA that are complementary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA

126
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid cells that are capable of fusion

127
Q

Fertilisation

A

The union of 2 gametes to form a single cell called a zygote

128
Q

Dominant

A

The allele that prevents the recessive allele from being expressed

129
Q

Recessive

A

The allele that is prevented from being expressed by a dominant allele

130
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

131
Q

Locus

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome

132
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

133
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical make-up of an organism

134
Q

Progeny

A

Refers to offspring that are produced

135
Q

Homozygous

A

2 alleles are identical

136
Q

Heterozygous

A

The alleles are different

137
Q

Punnett square

A

The grid used to show the ratio of the genotypes of the progeny in a genetic cross

138
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is dominant or recessive with respect to the other. Both alleles are equally expressed in the heterozygous genotype to produce an intermediate phenotype

139
Q

Pedigree

A

A diagram showing the genetic history of a group of related individuals

140
Q

Law of segregation

A

Inherited characteristics are controlled by pairs of alleles. These alleles segregate from each other at gamete formation with only one member of the pair being found in each gamete.

141
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

The study of a single characteristic

142
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

The study of two characteristics

143
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

When gametes are formed either of a pair of alleles is equally likely to combine with either of another pair of alleles

144
Q

Linkage

A

Genes are located on the same chromosome

145
Q

Sex Linkage

A

A characteristic is controlled by a gene on a sex chromosome

146
Q

Classification

A

Placing objects into group based on similar characteristics

147
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classifying organisms

148
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classifying organisms

149
Q

Species

A

A group of similar organisms that are capable of naturally interbreeding with each other to produce fertile offspring

150
Q

Variation

A

In a group of successfully interbreeding organisms the individual members show different characteristics

151
Q

Acquired variation

A

Not inhertied but are learned or developed during life

152
Q

Inherited variation

A

Controlled by genes

153
Q

Mutations

A

A spontaneous change in the amount or structure of DNA

154
Q

Mutagens

A

Agents that cause mutations

155
Q

Gene mutation

A

A change in a single gene

156
Q

Chromosome mutation

A

A large change in the structure or number of one or more chromosomes

157
Q

Evolution

A

The way in which living things change genetically to produce new forms of life over long periods of time

158
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which those organisms with genetically controlled characteristics that allow them to be well adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce to pass on their genes to following generations

159
Q

Speciation

A

The production of a new species as a result of evolution

160
Q

Fossil

A

The remains of something that lived a long time ago

161
Q

Genetic engineering

A

The artificial manipulation or alteration of a gene

162
Q

Isolation

A

The removal of a chromosome from the human cell and the plasmid DNA from the bacterium

163
Q

Ligation

A

The joining of two sections of DNA to form a single strand

164
Q

Transformation

A

The uptake of DNA into a cell

165
Q

Cloning

A

The production of identical copies of the bacterium

166
Q

Expression

A

The formation of the product by the organism with the recombinant DNA

167
Q

Cell

A

The smallest unit of a living thing

168
Q

Autotrophic

A

An organism that makes it’s own food

169
Q

Chemosynthetic

A

The production of food using energy released from chemical reaction

170
Q

Heterotrophic

A

An organism takes in food made by other organisms

171
Q

Saprophytic

A

Organisms that take in food from dead organic matter

172
Q

Parasites

A

Organisms that take in food from a live host and usually cause it harm

173
Q

Pathogenic bacteria

A

Bacteria that cause disease

174
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals produced by micro-organisms that stop the growth of, kill other micro-organisms without damaging human tissues

175
Q

Batch culture

A

The growth of cells in a sealed container over a short period of time and under ideal conditions until all the nutrients are used up

176
Q

Continuous flow

A

The growth of cells in an open container where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid and the number of cells

177
Q

Hypha

A

A tube or filament in a fungus

178
Q

Mycelium

A

A visible mass of hyphae

179
Q

Obligate parasite

A

Can only take it’s from a live host

180
Q

Facultative parasite

A

Can get its food from a live or a dead host

181
Q

Facultative parasite

A

Can get its food from a live or a dead host

182
Q

Sporulation

A

The process of making spores

183
Q

Aseptic/asepsis

A

Measures are taken to exclude unwanted micro-organisms

184
Q

Sterile

A

All micro-organisms are destroyed

185
Q

Meristem

A

Plant tissue capable of mitosis

186
Q

Herbaceous plant

A

Do not contain wood/aligning

187
Q

Woody plant

A

Contain wood or lignin

188
Q

Node

A

The point on a stem at which a leaf is attached

189
Q

Internode

A

The region on a stem between two nodes

190
Q

Bud

A

A potential growth point that may develop into a shoot a left or a flower

191
Q

Bud

A

A potential growth point that may develop into a shoot a left or a flower

192
Q

Venation

A

The pattern of veins in a leaf

193
Q

Lignin

A

Strengthening material found in some plant cell walls

194
Q

Cotyledon

A

A seed leaf

195
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water by evaporation from the leaves and other aerial parts of a plant

196
Q

Lenticels

A

Openings in the stems of plants that allow gas exchange

197
Q

Cohesion

A

The sticking of similar molecules to each other

198
Q

Adhesion

A

When different molecules stick together

199
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid part of the blood

200
Q

Serum

A

Plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed

201
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Blood leaves blood vessels and flows around the cells of the animals body before re-entering blood vessels again e.g snails, crabs, spiders

202
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels e.g humans

203
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force the blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel

204
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force the blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel

205
Q

Valves

A

Control the direction of the blood flow

206
Q

Portal system

A

Blood pathway that begins and ends in capillaries and do not connect directly to the heart

207
Q

Diastole

A

When the heart chambers relax

208
Q

Systole

A

When the heart chambers contract

209
Q

Pulse

A

The alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries

210
Q

Herbivores

A

Animals that feed mainly on plants e.g sheep

211
Q

Carnivores

A

Animals that feed mainly on animals e.g dogs

212
Q

Omnivores

A

Animals that feed on plants and animals e.g badgers

213
Q

Digestion

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of food

214
Q

Peristalsis

A

A wave of muscular action in the walls of the alimentary canal that moves the contents along

215
Q

Balanced diet

A

Contains all the necessary food types in the central proportion

216
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment

217
Q

Pharynx

A

The throat

218
Q

Larynx

A

The voice box

219
Q

Inhalation

A

Breathing in

220
Q

Exhalation

A

Breathing out

221
Q

Ecotherms

A

Gain or lose hest from or to their external environment

222
Q

Endotherm

A

Generate their own heat from metabolic reactions

223
Q

Filtration

A

Water and small molecules pass under high pressure from the blood into the nephron

224
Q

Reabsportion

A

Molecules pass from the nephron back into the blood

225
Q

Active transport

A

Energy in the form ATP is used to move molecules often against a concentration gradient

226
Q

Secretion

A

Some substances pass from the blood into the nephron

227
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone digesting cell

228
Q

Joint

A

Where two or more bones meet

229
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Produced in movable joints to lubricate and reduce friction

230
Q

Ligaments

A

String, fibrous slightly elastic tissues that connect bone to bone

231
Q

Tendons

A

Strong, flexible, inelastic fibres that connect muscle to bone

232
Q

Tendons

A

Strong, flexible, inelastic fibres that connect muscle to bone

233
Q

Antagonistic pair

A

Tow muscles that have opposite effects to each other

234
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that cause disease

235
Q

Immunity

A

The ability to resist infections

236
Q

General defence system

A

Acts as a barrier to all pathogens attempting to gain entry to the human body

237
Q

Specific defence system

A

Attacks a particular pathogen

238
Q

Antigen

A

A foreign molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies

239
Q

Antibody

A

A protein produced by white blood cells in the response to a specific antigen

240
Q

Induced immunity

A

The ability to resist disease caused by specific pathogens by the production of antibodies

241
Q

Active immunity

A

The production of a person’s own antibodies in response to a foreign antigen that enters the body

242
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Occurs when a pathogen enters the body in the normal way

243
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

When a pathogen is medically introduced into the body

244
Q

Vaccine

A

Non disease causing dose of a pathogen which triggers the production of antibodies

245
Q

Passive immunity

A

When individual are given antibodies that were formed by another organism

246
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

When a child gets antibodies from its mother

247
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

When a person is given an injection containing antibodies made by another organism

248
Q

Vaccination

A

The administration of a non-disease causing dose of a pathogen to stimulate the production of antibodies.

249
Q

Immunization

A

When we produced or are injected with antibodies against a pathogen

250
Q

Plasma B cells

A

Produce antibodies

251
Q

Memory B cells

A

Survive years after the infection is eliminated and can make the specific antibody if the same infection later enters the body

252
Q

Helper T cells

A

Stimulate B cells and Killer T cells

253
Q

Killer T cells

A

Destroy abnormal human body cells

254
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Inhibit the immune response

255
Q

Memory T cells

A

Survive for years after the infection is eliminated and can stimulate the specific B cells and killer T cells if the same infection later enters the body

256
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

257
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid cells that are capable of fusion

258
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer if pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species

259
Q

Self pollination

A

Involves the transfer of a pollen from an anther to a stigma on the same plant

260
Q

Cross pollination

A

Involves the transfer of a pollen from an anther to a stigma on a different plant

261
Q

Fertilisation

A

The union of the Male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote

262
Q

Radical

A

The part of the plant embryo that develop into the root

263
Q

Plumule

A

The part of the plant embryo that develops into the shoot

264
Q

Non-endospermic seed

A

Has no endosperm when fully formed

265
Q

Endospermic seed

A

Contains some endosperm when fully formed

266
Q

Fruit

A

Developed ovary

267
Q

Dispersal

A

The transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant

268
Q

Germination

A

The regrowth of the embryo after a period of dormancy if the environmental conditions are suitable

269
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

Asexual reproduction in plants it only involves one parent and can be artificial or natural

270
Q

Natural vegetative propagation

A

Involves forming new plants from a stem, roots leaf or bud

271
Q

Runners

A

Horizontal stems that runs above ground and from which new plants grow

272
Q

Root tubers

A

A swollen underground root that remains dormant during winter and from which new plants grow

273
Q

Bulbs

A

Modified bud

274
Q

Cutting

A

A portion of a plant that is removed from the parent plant and grown into a new Independent plant

275
Q

Grafting

A

The joining and uniting of part of one plant with a second part.

276
Q

Layering

A

The growth of a new plant from a stem that is still attached to the parent plant

277
Q

Micro propagation

A

The growth of plants from small pieces of tissue under sterile conditions on a specifically selected medium

278
Q

Gonad

A

An organ that produces sex cells in animals

279
Q

Puberty

A

Beginning of sexual maturity

280
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

Features that distinguish males from females apart from the sex organs themselves

281
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of an egg from the ovary

282
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

A series of events that occur every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place

283
Q

Menstruation

A

The discharge of the lining of the uterus and the in infertilised egg

284
Q

Insemination

A

The release of the semen in the vagina just outside the cervix

285
Q

Implantation

A

The embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus

286
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

Removing eggs from an ovary and fertilizing them outside of the body

287
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of cells formed from a zygote by mitosis

288
Q

Blastocyst

A

A hollow ball of cells formed from a morula

289
Q

Germ layers

A

Basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all adult tissue and organs will form

290
Q

Birth control

A

Methods taken to limit the number of children that are born

291
Q

Contraception

A

The deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy

Biology (27 decks)

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