Enviro Path Flashcards
Most common cause of global health loss and premature death
Undernutrition
Most common cause of death is heart and cerebrovascular disease
Developed countries
Most common cause of death is infection
Developing countries
Exogenous chemicals for the environment
Xenobiotics
Hydrolysis, reduction, or oxidation. CypP450
Phase 1 rxs
Metabolize to water soluble molecules for easy excretion. Glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, conjugation
Phase 2 rxs
Free radical production > injures respiratory tract epithelium
Ozone
Comes from fossil fuels and plants. Converted to sulfuric acid and trioxide. Irritates respiratory tract
Sulfur dioxide
Asphyxia at _____ carboxy hemoglobin
20%
Lead can come from houses built before
1978
Most absorbed into bone and teeth. Competes with calcium.
Lead
Interferes with cartilage remodeling and primary bone Trabeculae, along with fracture healing
Lead
Half life of 20-30 years in bone
Lead
Causes microcytic, hypo chromic anemia b/c it interferes with heme synthesis
Lead (plumbism)
Causes increased free RBC protoporphyrin level (RBC zinc-bound protoporphyrin)
Lead (plumbism)
RBC precursors with abundant stainable iron
Ringed sideroblasts
Basophilic stippling is made of
RNA
Ringed sideroblasts made of
Iron
Causes headache, memory loss, and peripheral neuropathy (foot and wrist drop) in adults
Plumbism
Affects hearing and intellectual capacity of child
Lead
Abdominal pain with chronic lead poisoning is
Poorly localized
Kidney disease with chronic lead poisoning is
TubulointerstitIal
Gotten from fish and shellfish
Mercury
Causes major CNS damage to fetus and child
Mercury
Causes peripheral neuropathy and CNS depression in adults
Mercury (mad as a hatter) - Mercury used to cure felts for hats
Gotten from soil and water (bangladesh, well water) and agriculture (herbicides, wood preservatives)
Arsenic
Acute poisoning affects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Causes CNS and cardiovascular disturbances
Arsenic
2-8 wks of poisoning will cause neuropathic so (numbness/tingling, muscle cramping)
Arsenic
Long term poisoning will cause cancers of lung and skin (palms and soles). Hyperpigmentation/hyperkeratosis of palms and soles. Anemia
Arsenic
Gotten from mining, electroplating, nickel-cadmium batteries, food
Cadmium
Causes COPD from alvelolar macrophage necrosis and cancer. Tubular damage and renal failure. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia
Cadmium
Dose dependent marrow aplasia. Increased risk of AML
Benzene
Acute exposure causes CNS depression, dizziness, confusion, and severe coma. Toxic to liver and kidneys. HCC
Chloroform (CCL3H) and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)
Associated with lung and bladder cancer
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Lipophilic, halogenated compounds that resist degradation and induce CYPs
Organochlorines
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), and dioxins (agent orange)
Organochlorines
Disrupt endocrine systems by being anti estrogenic and anti androgenic
Organochlorines
Dermatitis from PCB and dioxins (chloracne). Face acne, cystic hyperpigmentation, and hyperkeratosis
Chloracne - organochlorines
Increased angiosarcoma of liver
Vinyl chloride
Phthalates (plasticizers) cause
Endocrine and testicular dysfunction
Sum of yrs of life lost and years of illness/disability
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
