ENV Topic 6 - Territory and Personal Space Flashcards
What is territory?
A physical area owned or controlled by a person or group.
What is territoriality?
The behavior associated with the ownership or occupation of a space or area.
How do individuals claim territory?
By taking ownership
What are the types of territory?
Primary
Give an example of primary territory
Home
Give an example of secondary territory
Classroom.
Give an example of public territory
Area of beach.
How is primary territory occupied?
High extent of perceived ownership.
How is secondary territory occupied?
Moderate extent of perceived ownership.
How is public territory occupied?
Low extent of perceived ownership.
How much is primary territory personalized?
Extensively personalized.
How much is secondary territory personalized?
May be personalized to some extent.
How much is public territory personalized?
Sometimes personalized in a temporary way.
What did Smith (1981) study?
Territoriality on different nationality beaches.
What nationalities were observed in Smith (1981)?
French
What did Smith (1981) record?
Size
Which nationality made larger territorial claims?
West Germans.
What did West Germans use to mark territory?
Sandcastles and ‘places reserved’ signs.
What was the French perception of territoriality?
They could not grasp the concept.
What is personal space often described as?
A personal bubble.
What is personal space?
A portable
What is a more accurate term than personal space?
Interpersonal distance.
What factors affect our personal space needs?
Situational and individual factors.
What are some situational factors affecting personal space?
Room size
What are some individual factors affecting personal space?
Personality
Who proposed the four zones of personal space?
Edward Hall.
What are the four personal space zones?
Intimate
What did Middlemist et al. (1976) study?
Invasions of personal space in a men’s lavatory.
Where was Middlemist et al. (1976) conducted?
In a men’s lavatory at a US university.
What did Middlemist et al. (1976) measure?
Delay of onset and duration of urination.
What were the conditions in Middlemist et al. (1976)?
Participant alone
What were the results of Middlemist et al. (1976)?
Invasions of personal space cause physiological arousal.
What is the stop-distance method?
Someone approaches the participant who indicates when they feel uncomfortable.
What has been the trend in office environments?
A move towards open plan offices.
What impact does close proximity in a high-density environment have on work performance?
Poorer performance on complex tasks.
What did Wells (2000) investigate?
Personalization of office environments.
How did Wells (2000) define personalization?
Deliberate decoration or modification of an environment to reflect identity.
What were the aims of Wells (2000)?
Gender differences in personalization
Where was the Wells (2000) study conducted?
Orange County
How was data collected in Wells (2000)?
Surveys and case studies.
What did the surveys in Wells (2000) include?
Workspace personalization
How long were the interviews in Wells’ (2000) case studies?
10-15 minutes.
How did men and women differ in personalization?
Women personalize more than men.
What did women tend to use for personalization?
Items representing family
What did men tend to use for personalization?
Symbols of achievement and sports paraphernalia.
What was personalization associated with?
Satisfaction with the work environment.
Was personalization more important to women’s well-being?
Not significantly.
What was associated with a company’s personalization policy?
Organizational climate
What did Wells (2000) conclude?
Personalization is linked to well-being
What did Sommer & Ross (1958) study?
The effect of ward decoration on patients.
What was the initial layout of the chairs in Sommer & Ross (1958)?
Lined up against the walls.
What was the effect of changing the seating arrangement in Sommer & Ross (1958)?
Increased social interaction.
What is sociopetal design?
Design that encourages social interaction.
What is sociofugal design?
Design that maintains personal space.
What is a key difference between territory and personal space?
Territory is stationary
