Bandura

Question 1

What do behaviourists believe about behaviour?

Answer 1

Behaviourists believe that all behaviour can be explained in terms of what people learn by associating a stimulus (S) with a response (R).

Question 2

What did Bandura suggest about cognitive activity and learning?

Answer 2

Bandura believed that cognitive activity contributes to learning.

Question 3

How do animals and humans learn according to Bandura?

Answer 3

Animals and humans learn through direct and indirect experience.

Question 4

What is one way children and adults learn according to Bandura?

Answer 4

Children and adults learn by observing the behaviour of others and imitating some of these behaviours.

Question 5

Can aggressive behaviour be learnt through imitation?

Answer 5

Yes, aggressive behaviour can be learnt through imitation.

Question 6

Do observers imitate specific aggressive acts they have seen?

Answer 6

Yes, observers can imitate specific aggressive acts they have seen.

Question 7

Do observers become more aggressive after witnessing aggression?

Answer 7

Yes, observers can become more aggressive after witnessing aggression.

Question 8

What was the method of this study?

Answer 8

A field experiment having a matched participants design

Question 9

What is the sample size of the study?

Answer 9

72 children

Question 10

What is the gender distribution of the sample?

Answer 10

36 boys and 36 girls

Question 11

What is the age range of the children in the sample?

Answer 11

Aged between 3-5 years old

Question 12

What was the mean age of the children in the sample?

Answer 12

4 1/2 years old

Question 13

How many adult models were involved in the study?

Answer 13

Two adult models (one male and one female)

Question 14

Who was the additional adult present in the study?

Answer 14

A female experimenter

Question 15

Where were the children from?

Answer 15

A university nursery school (Stanford)

Question 16

What was the purpose of the observations conducted by the experimenters?

Answer 16

To ensure that each group contained equally aggressive children.

Question 17

What factors were rated to determine a child’s aggression score?

Answer 17

Physical aggression, verbal aggression, aggression towards inanimate objects, and aggressive inhibition.

Question 18

What was included in the room where the children were taken for the experiment?

Answer 18

Toys including a 5-foot inflatable bobo doll and a mallet.

Question 19

What was the non-aggressive condition in the experiment?

Answer 19

The model played with the toys in a quiet manner.

Question 20

What actions did the model take in the aggressive condition?

Answer 20

The model sat on Bobo, punched Bobo on the nose, hit Bobo on the head with the mallet, and threw Bobo in the air.

Question 21

What comments did the model make during the aggressive condition?

Answer 21

Comments such as ‘pow’ and ‘he sure is a tough fellow’.

Question 22

What was the control group in the experiment?

Answer 22

The children were not exposed to a model.

Question 23

What is Phase 2 of the procedure?

Answer 23

The arousal phase.

Question 24

What was the purpose of taking children to a room with attractive toys in Phase 2?

Answer 24

To prevent children in the non-aggressive condition from playing with the toys, ensuring they had reason to behave aggressively.

Question 25

What was included in the room during Phase 3 tests for imitation?

Answer 25

Aggressive toys (e.g., mallet and dart gun), non-aggressive toys (e.g., dolls and farm animals), and a 3-foot Bobo doll.

Question 26

How long did the children play in the room during Phase 3?

Answer 26

20 minutes.

Question 27

What method did observers use to record children's behavior during the experiment?

Answer 27

Time sampling observation every 5 seconds.

Question 28

What were the measures used to record children's behavior?

Answer 28

1 - imitation of physical aggression, 2 - imitative verbal aggression, 3 - imitative non-aggressive verbal responses, 4 - non-imitative physical and verbal aggression.

Question 29

What did children in the aggressive condition imitate?

Answer 29

Children in the aggressive condition imitated many of the models' physical and verbal behaviours, both aggressive and non-aggressive.

Question 30

How did children in the non-aggressive condition behave?

Answer 30

Children in the non-aggressive condition displayed very few aggressive behaviours.

Question 31

Which group displayed more non-imitative aggression?

Answer 31

The aggressive group displayed much more non-imitative aggression than the non-aggressive group.

Question 32

What type of play did children in the non-aggression condition engage in more?

Answer 32

Children in the non-aggression condition spent more time playing non-aggressively.

Question 33

How did boys and girls differ in imitating physical aggression?

Answer 33

Boys imitated more physical aggression than girls.

Question 34

How did boys and girls differ in imitating verbal aggression?

Answer 34

Girls imitated more verbal aggression than boys.

Question 35

What is the 'same sex model effect'?

Answer 35

Boys were more aggressive if they watched a male model, while girls were more affected by a female model.

Question 36

How can children learn aggressive behavior?

Answer 36

By observing adults behaving aggressively.

Question 37

Can learning occur without classical or operant conditioning?

Answer 37

Yes, children can imitate behavior in the absence of rewards.