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PE - physiological factors > Energy Systems > Flashcards

Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

3 energy systems of the body

A
  • ATP/PC
  • Glycolytic
  • Aerobic
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2
Q

ATP
Type of reaction

A

anaerobic (x O2)

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3
Q

ATP
food fuel

A

phosphocreatine

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4
Q

ATP site of reaction

A

sarcoplasm (part of muscle cell)

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5
Q

ATP
controlling enzyme

A

creatine kinase

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6
Q

ATP
energy yield

A

1 mol ATP

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7
Q

ATP
stages within system (3)

+ enzyme
+ end or exo

A

1) PC -> P + C + E
+ creatine kinase (enzyme
+ Exothermic

2) ATP <- ADP + P + E
+ Endothermic

3) ATP -> ADP + P + E
+ ATPase
+ Exothermic

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8
Q

ATP
by-products

A

no harmful by-products

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9
Q

ATP
When system predominantly used during exercise (2)
+ how long
+ e.g.

A
  • high intensity -> max effort
  • short duration
    + <10s
    + e.g. javelin
    100m sprint
    sprinting for ball
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10
Q

ATP
Advantages (5)

A
  • doesn’t require O2
  • Quick - provides ATP immediately
  • excellent for high intensity short duration
  • no harmful by-products
  • recovers quickly
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11
Q

ATP
Disadvantages (3)

A
  • short duration - no more than 10s
  • only resynthesises 1 mol ATP
  • small amounts of ATP & PC stored
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12
Q

which enzyme breaks down PC bond

A

creatine kinase

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13
Q

phosphocreatine is a ____ energy bond

A

high

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14
Q

how long can PC system supply energy for

A

3-10 secs

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15
Q

_______ training increases body muscle stores of ATP & PC

A

anaerobic

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16
Q

Gly
type of reaction

A

anaerobic

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17
Q

Gly
food fuel

A

carbohydrates (eaten)
|
glycogen (stored)
|
glucose (used)

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18
Q

Gly
site of reaction

A

sarcoplasm

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19
Q

Gly
controlling enzymes (2)

A
  • PFK
  • LDH
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20
Q

Gly
energy yield

A

2 mol ATP

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21
Q

Gly
stages within system (5)

+ enzymes

A
  • Glycogen
  • Glucose
    + Broken down by enzyme PFK
  • Pyruvic Acid
    + Broken down by enzyme LDH in absence O2
  • Lactic acid
  • 2 mol ATP
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22
Q

Gly
By product & what it causes

A

Lactic acid
- causes pain
- causes fatigue
- decreases performance

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23
Q

Gly
when system predominantly used during exercise (2)

+ how long

A
  • High intensity
  • Medium duration
    + up to 3 mins depending on intensity of exercise
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24
Q

Gly
Advantages (5)

A
  • produces x2 amount (2 mol) ATP than PC system
  • Anaerobic - energy relatively quickly because no O2
  • can provide high intensity -> up to 3 mins
  • glycogen readily available in muscle/liver
  • can work aerobically and anaerobically
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25
Q

Gly
Disadvantages (3)

A
  • By product Lactic Acid
    -> causes pain
    -> causes fatigue
    -> reduces performance
  • Lactic acid reduces pH level of blood -> inhibits enzyme action -> blood becomes more acidic -> pain receptors stimulated
  • not as quick as ATP/PC system
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26
Q

which enzyme breaks down glucose

A

PFK

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27
Q

which enzyme breaks down pyruvic acid in ______ of O2

A
  • LDH
  • absence
28
Q

How long does Gly system supply energy for

A

up to 3 mins

29
Q

what is anaerobic glycolysis (2)

A
  • partial incomplete breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid by enzyme PFK
  • absence O2 pyruvic acid further broken down into lactic acid by enzyme LDH
30
Q

Why is Gly system slower than ATP/PC system

A

more reactions go on -> longer it takes to re-synthesise ATP

31
Q

where is glycogen stored (2)

A
  • muscles
  • liver
32
Q

what does lactic acid accumulating in the muscles causing pH to decrease cause

A

inhibition of enzymes involved in glycolysis (stops PFK)

33
Q

what is increased acidity and increased CO2 levels detected by

A

chemo receptors

34
Q

Gly system training adaptations (4)

A
  • increased tolerance to Lactic Acid
  • increased glycogen stores in the body
  • delayed OBLA
    delayed fatigue
  • can work at higher intensities foe longer
35
Q

Aer
type of reaction

A

aerobic - uses O2

36
Q

Aer
food fuel used (2)

A
  • carbohydrates (eaten) -> glycogen (stored) -> glucose (used)
    + (used for 2 hrs)
  • free fatty acids (FFAs)
37
Q

Aer
Site of reaction (3 stages)

A

stage 1: aerobic glycolysis
- sarcoplasm

stage 2: Krebs cycle
- matrix of mitochondria

stage 3: ETC
- cristae of mitochondria

38
Q

Aer
controlling enzyme

A

PFK
- phosphofruktokinase

39
Q

Aer
energy yield (3 stages)

+ combined total

A

stage 1: aerobic glycolysis
- 2 mol ATP

stage 2: Krebs cycle
- 2 mol ATP

stage 3: ETC
- 34 mol ATP

+ 38 mol ATP

40
Q

Aer
stages within system: aerobic glycolysis (5)

A

1) glucose -> pyruvic acid – by enzyme PFK
2) provides enough energy to re-synthesise 2 mol ATP
3) done in presence of O2
4) reactions take place in sarcoplasm
5) O2 present - pyruvic acid combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyle CoA

41
Q

Aer
stages within system: Krebs cycle (6)

A

1) Acetyle CoA + oxaloacetic acid -> citric acid
2) citric acid goes through cycle of reactions called Krebs cycle
3) this produces enough energy to re-synthesise 2 mol ATP
4) CO2 produced as by- product of these reactions
5) takes place in matrix of mitochondria
6) Hydrogen ions (H^+) also produced in this process & carried through to ETC

42
Q

Aer
stages within system: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (5)

A

1) H^+ ions carried through to ETC from Krebs cycle
2) H^+ ions combine with NAD & FAD to form NADH & FADH
3) this releases enough energy to re-synthesise 34 mol ATP
4) happens in cristae folds of mitochondria
5) H^+ ions also combine with O2 to from H2O (by-product)

43
Q

Aer
By-products (2)

+ harmful or not

A
  • H2O (sweat)
  • CO2

+ not harmful by-products

44
Q

Aer
when is system predominantly used during exercise (2)

A
  • long duration
  • low-medium intensity
45
Q

Aer
Advantages (4)

A
  • not harmful by-products
  • provide energy for long duration of time because has high energy yield (38 mol ATP)
  • large potential glycogen & FFA stores available
  • efficient ATP re-synthesis when good O2 supply
46
Q

Aer
Disadvantages (3)

A
  • Delay in getting O2 to working muscles
    -> approx 3 mins
    -> because of complex series of reactions
    -> aerobic glycolysis
    -> krebs cycle
    -> electron transport chain
  • slower rate of ATP re-synthesis
  • requires more O2
47
Q

why is O2 delayed getting to the working muscles and how long is the delay

A
  • approx 3 mins
  • complex series of reactions -> aerobic glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
48
Q

matrix define

A

intracellular fluid within mitochondria where oxidation takes place

49
Q

mitochondria define

A

small sub-unit (membrane) sites of a muscle cell where aerobic respiration takes place

50
Q

what will happen if you don’t refuel during aerobic exercise and after how long

A

all glycogen stores will run out after 2 hours

51
Q

which aerobic food fuel is most efficient at re-synthesising ATP

A

FFAs more efficient than glycogen

52
Q

which aerobic food fuel requires exercise intensity to be lowered to provide enough oxygen to break down the energy

A

FFAs

53
Q

how much more oxygen is required for FFAs to be more efficient at ATP re-synthesis

A

15%

54
Q

How long does the ATP/PC system last

A

0-10 seconds

55
Q

How long does the glycolytic system last

A

10 seconds - 3 mins

56
Q

how long can the body use exclusively glycogen for ATP re-synthesis

A

3-25 mins

57
Q

how long can the body use glycogen as the dominant food fuel but FFAs begin to be used for ATP re-synthesis

A

25-45 mins

58
Q

how long can the body use FFAs for as glycogen is depleted for ATP re-synthesis

A

45 mins - 2 hrs

59
Q

When are FFAs solely used as food fuel for ATP re-synthesis

A

after 2 hrs

60
Q

what enzymes (1) break down triglycerides (fats)

A

lipases

61
Q

what are triglycerides (fats) broken down into (2)

A
  • FFAs
  • glycerol
62
Q

what are FFAs broken down into

A

Acetyl CoA

63
Q

Aer
Training effects (3)
& net effect of adaptations (5)

A
  • increased storage of muscle & liver glycogen
  • increased mobilisation of aerobic enzymes
  • earlier use of FFAs as fuel source - helps conserve glycogen stores

net:
- increases aerobic threshold
- increased potential intensity of performance
- delayed muscle fatigue
- increases intensity OBLA is reached
- maximised efficiency to remove lactate during recovery

64
Q

ATP/PC system sporting example

A

100m sprint

65
Q

Glycolytic system sporting example

A

800m

66
Q

Aerobic system sporting example

A

5000m or marathon

PE - physiological factors (31 decks)

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