Energy Systems Flashcards
3 energy systems of the body
- ATP/PC
- Glycolytic
- Aerobic
ATP
Type of reaction
anaerobic (x O2)
ATP
food fuel
phosphocreatine
ATP site of reaction
sarcoplasm (part of muscle cell)
ATP
controlling enzyme
creatine kinase
ATP
energy yield
1 mol ATP
ATP
stages within system (3)
+ enzyme
+ end or exo
1) PC -> P + C + E
+ creatine kinase (enzyme
+ Exothermic
2) ATP <- ADP + P + E
+ Endothermic
3) ATP -> ADP + P + E
+ ATPase
+ Exothermic
ATP
by-products
no harmful by-products
ATP
When system predominantly used during exercise (2)
+ how long
+ e.g.
- high intensity -> max effort
- short duration
+ <10s
+ e.g. javelin
100m sprint
sprinting for ball
ATP
Advantages (5)
- doesn’t require O2
- Quick - provides ATP immediately
- excellent for high intensity short duration
- no harmful by-products
- recovers quickly
ATP
Disadvantages (3)
- short duration - no more than 10s
- only resynthesises 1 mol ATP
- small amounts of ATP & PC stored
which enzyme breaks down PC bond
creatine kinase
phosphocreatine is a ____ energy bond
high
how long can PC system supply energy for
3-10 secs
_______ training increases body muscle stores of ATP & PC
anaerobic
Gly
type of reaction
anaerobic
Gly
food fuel
carbohydrates (eaten)
|
glycogen (stored)
|
glucose (used)
Gly
site of reaction
sarcoplasm
Gly
controlling enzymes (2)
- PFK
- LDH
Gly
energy yield
2 mol ATP
Gly
stages within system (5)
+ enzymes
- Glycogen
- Glucose
+ Broken down by enzyme PFK - Pyruvic Acid
+ Broken down by enzyme LDH in absence O2 - Lactic acid
- 2 mol ATP
Gly
By product & what it causes
Lactic acid
- causes pain
- causes fatigue
- decreases performance
Gly
when system predominantly used during exercise (2)
+ how long
- High intensity
- Medium duration
+ up to 3 mins depending on intensity of exercise
Gly
Advantages (5)
- produces x2 amount (2 mol) ATP than PC system
- Anaerobic - energy relatively quickly because no O2
- can provide high intensity -> up to 3 mins
- glycogen readily available in muscle/liver
- can work aerobically and anaerobically
Gly
Disadvantages (3)
- By product Lactic Acid
-> causes pain
-> causes fatigue
-> reduces performance - Lactic acid reduces pH level of blood -> inhibits enzyme action -> blood becomes more acidic -> pain receptors stimulated
- not as quick as ATP/PC system
which enzyme breaks down glucose
PFK
which enzyme breaks down pyruvic acid in ______ of O2
- LDH
- absence
How long does Gly system supply energy for
up to 3 mins
what is anaerobic glycolysis (2)
- partial incomplete breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid by enzyme PFK
- absence O2 pyruvic acid further broken down into lactic acid by enzyme LDH
Why is Gly system slower than ATP/PC system
more reactions go on -> longer it takes to re-synthesise ATP
where is glycogen stored (2)
- muscles
- liver
what does lactic acid accumulating in the muscles causing pH to decrease cause
inhibition of enzymes involved in glycolysis (stops PFK)
what is increased acidity and increased CO2 levels detected by
chemo receptors
Gly system training adaptations (4)
- increased tolerance to Lactic Acid
- increased glycogen stores in the body
- delayed OBLA
delayed fatigue - can work at higher intensities foe longer
Aer
type of reaction
aerobic - uses O2
Aer
food fuel used (2)
- carbohydrates (eaten) -> glycogen (stored) -> glucose (used)
+ (used for 2 hrs) - free fatty acids (FFAs)
Aer
Site of reaction (3 stages)
stage 1: aerobic glycolysis
- sarcoplasm
stage 2: Krebs cycle
- matrix of mitochondria
stage 3: ETC
- cristae of mitochondria
Aer
controlling enzyme
PFK
- phosphofruktokinase
Aer
energy yield (3 stages)
+ combined total
stage 1: aerobic glycolysis
- 2 mol ATP
stage 2: Krebs cycle
- 2 mol ATP
stage 3: ETC
- 34 mol ATP
+ 38 mol ATP
Aer
stages within system: aerobic glycolysis (5)
1) glucose -> pyruvic acid – by enzyme PFK
2) provides enough energy to re-synthesise 2 mol ATP
3) done in presence of O2
4) reactions take place in sarcoplasm
5) O2 present - pyruvic acid combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyle CoA
Aer
stages within system: Krebs cycle (6)
1) Acetyle CoA + oxaloacetic acid -> citric acid
2) citric acid goes through cycle of reactions called Krebs cycle
3) this produces enough energy to re-synthesise 2 mol ATP
4) CO2 produced as by- product of these reactions
5) takes place in matrix of mitochondria
6) Hydrogen ions (H^+) also produced in this process & carried through to ETC
Aer
stages within system: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (5)
1) H^+ ions carried through to ETC from Krebs cycle
2) H^+ ions combine with NAD & FAD to form NADH & FADH
3) this releases enough energy to re-synthesise 34 mol ATP
4) happens in cristae folds of mitochondria
5) H^+ ions also combine with O2 to from H2O (by-product)
Aer
By-products (2)
+ harmful or not
- H2O (sweat)
- CO2
+ not harmful by-products
Aer
when is system predominantly used during exercise (2)
- long duration
- low-medium intensity
Aer
Advantages (4)
- not harmful by-products
- provide energy for long duration of time because has high energy yield (38 mol ATP)
- large potential glycogen & FFA stores available
- efficient ATP re-synthesis when good O2 supply
Aer
Disadvantages (3)
- Delay in getting O2 to working muscles
-> approx 3 mins
-> because of complex series of reactions
-> aerobic glycolysis
-> krebs cycle
-> electron transport chain - slower rate of ATP re-synthesis
- requires more O2
why is O2 delayed getting to the working muscles and how long is the delay
- approx 3 mins
- complex series of reactions -> aerobic glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
matrix define
intracellular fluid within mitochondria where oxidation takes place
mitochondria define
small sub-unit (membrane) sites of a muscle cell where aerobic respiration takes place
what will happen if you don’t refuel during aerobic exercise and after how long
all glycogen stores will run out after 2 hours
which aerobic food fuel is most efficient at re-synthesising ATP
FFAs more efficient than glycogen
which aerobic food fuel requires exercise intensity to be lowered to provide enough oxygen to break down the energy
FFAs
how much more oxygen is required for FFAs to be more efficient at ATP re-synthesis
15%
How long does the ATP/PC system last
0-10 seconds
How long does the glycolytic system last
10 seconds - 3 mins
how long can the body use exclusively glycogen for ATP re-synthesis
3-25 mins
how long can the body use glycogen as the dominant food fuel but FFAs begin to be used for ATP re-synthesis
25-45 mins
how long can the body use FFAs for as glycogen is depleted for ATP re-synthesis
45 mins - 2 hrs
When are FFAs solely used as food fuel for ATP re-synthesis
after 2 hrs
what enzymes (1) break down triglycerides (fats)
lipases
what are triglycerides (fats) broken down into (2)
- FFAs
- glycerol
what are FFAs broken down into
Acetyl CoA
Aer
Training effects (3)
& net effect of adaptations (5)
- increased storage of muscle & liver glycogen
- increased mobilisation of aerobic enzymes
- earlier use of FFAs as fuel source - helps conserve glycogen stores
net:
- increases aerobic threshold
- increased potential intensity of performance
- delayed muscle fatigue
- increases intensity OBLA is reached
- maximised efficiency to remove lactate during recovery
ATP/PC system sporting example
100m sprint
Glycolytic system sporting example
800m
Aerobic system sporting example
5000m or marathon
