Energy and metabolism reading Flashcards
______ energy refers to the kind of energy that is stored within something, whereas ______ energy is energy associated with movement.
Potential; kinetic
The …, energy of a ball is converted to kinetic energy as the ball falls to the floor.
potential
The capacity to do work is referred to as ______.
energy
True or false: Kinetic energy is stored energy.
False
The energy of motion is what type of energy?
Kinetic
A form of energy resulting from the position or movement of an object would be ______ energy.
mechanical
Potential energy stored in bonds of molecules is _____ energy.
chemical
Energy contained in an object due to its position or state is referred to as _____ energy.
potential
True or false: When ATP is broken down, the energy that is transferred from this reaction can be used to synthesize molecules, perform work or produce heat.
True
When energy flows between objects of two different temperatures, this is called ______ energy.
heat
To move matter is the definition of ______.
work
In order to get energy (ATP) from food molecules in the final stage of respiration, humans require _____.
oxygen
Movements, such as waving your arm, breathing, or pumping blood, all involve _____ energy.
mechanical
True or false: Carbon dioxide is formed when organic molecules such as glucose are metabolized by the cell.
True
Accumulation of carbon dioxide in cells is ______.
toxic
Identify the uses of energy when ATP is broken down.
Production of heat
The synthesis or breakdown of molecules
Performing work such as opening a channel
Identify the importance of O2 in the human body. O2 is necessary to ______.
extract energy (ATP) from food molecules
The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is?
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
When molecules such as glucose are metabolized by cells, the molecule ______ is formed as a principle waste product.
carbon dioxide
The primary energy molecule of the body that carries energy in high energy covalent bonds between phosphate molecules is _____.
ATP
Which of the following is NOT a class of nutrients?
Enzymes
What is an ingested substance used by the body to produce energy and to provide building blocks for new molecules?
Nutrient
Choose examples of essential nutrients. Select all that apply.
Water
Minerals
Most vitamins
The term for the overall process by which the body obtains and utilizes components of food is?
nutrition
Nutrients that the body needs but is incapable of synthesizing in adequate amounts are called ________ nutrients.
essential
One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) or a?
kilocalorie or kcal
By definition, one _____ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
Lipids or fats provide…kcal/gm of energy.
nine or 9
A Calorie and a kilocalorie are both equivalent to how many calories?
1000
In the typical U.S. diet, what is the relative order of consumption of the following nutrients (least % to most %)?
- proteins
- Lipids
- carbohydrates
Carbohydrates and proteins provide…kcal/g of energy.
4 or four
Anabolism and catabolism are parts of ______.
metabolism
The term used for all energy-releasing chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller molecules is?
catabolism
The production of ATP, cell division, and the manufacture of hormones are all examples of _____ reactions.
anabolic
Digestion of foods and glycolysis are both good examples of _____ reactions.
catabolic
A molecule is _____ when it gains electrons, and a molecule is _____ when it loses electrons.
reduced, oxidized
During the ______ state, glucose is obtained through absorption of digested carbohydrates, whereas during the ______ state, glucose is maintained by the conversion of other molecules.
absorptive, post absorptive
The production of ATP, cell division, and the manufacture of hormones are all examples of _____ reactions.
anabolic
Events of the absorptive state include ______. Select all that apply.
glucose converted to glycogen
synthesis of proteins
triglycerides stored in adipose tissue
When glycogen and fat reserves are gone, the body uses ______ for energy.
proteins
Glycogenesis, triglycerides storage, and the use of glucose for fuel occurs during the ______ state.
absorptive
The factors that can directly influence body weight are ______. Select all that apply.
proportion of fat in diet
physical activity
kilocalorie input
Identify the factors that can affect basal metabolic rate. Select all that apply.
Percent of muscle tissue versus adipose
Age
Levels of thyroid hormone
If the daily input of energy is less than the expenditure of energy, a person would… weight.
lose
The thermic effect of food accounts for about how much of the body’s energy expenditure?
10%
True or False: The energy cost of digesting and absorbing food as well as the synthesis of new molecules is called the thermic effect of food.
True
The factors that decrease BMR are ______. Select all that apply.
increased age
diets and fasting
To increase the basal metabolic rate, a person can choose which of the following?
Increased level of physical activity
