Acid/Base reading 1 Flashcards
The human body is composed of at least 50% what?
water or H2O
Infants have _____ water by weight than adults, and women usually have _____ water by weight than men.
more, less
Name the two major fluid compartments of the body.
Extracellular fluid compartment
Intracellular fluid compartment
Blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and fluid in the tissue spaces are included in the what fluid compartment.
extracellular
All of the fluid found within the body cells is part of the what?
intracellular
Which of the following represents the largest fluid compartment?
Intracellular fluid
Which of the the following are subdivisions of the extracellular fluid compartment?
Cerebrospinal fluid
Plasma
Interstitial fluid
The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is ______.
sodium
What causes osmotic pressure and movement of water between the fluid compartments?
Electrolytes
The most abundant anion in extracellular fluid is what?
Chloride
Interstitial fluid and plasma are examples of _____.
extracellular fluids
what is an important function of electrolytes in the extracellular fluid?
They control the movement of water between fluid compartments.
In regards to the daily volume of water intake and loss ______.
intake should equal loss
The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is ______.
sodium
What major variables are affected by improper regulation of water balance?
Interstitial fluid pressure
Blood osmolality
Blood pressure
Most water intake (90%) comes from ______.
ingestion
True or False: Water ingestion is regulated by the thirst mechanism.
True
Blood osmolarity and pressure can be affected by changes in the volume of ______ in the body.
water
Which of the following are sources of water intake?
Cellular metabolism
Ingestion
The structure that promotes the thirst sensation is the ______.
hypothalamus
Besides personal preferences and habits, what important mechanism is responsible for maintaining water intake?
Thirst
Long-term suppression of thirst is regulated by ______.
reduction of blood osmolality
An increase in blood ______ or a decrease in blood ______ can result in the sensation of thirst.
osmolarity, volume
What structures serve as the main sensors for the thirst mechanism?
Specialized cells in the kidney
Arterial baroreceptors
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
True or false: Long-term suppression of thirst results when blood osmolality and volumes are within normal ranges.
True
Wetting the oral mucosa and stretching the digestive tract wall causes ______ in thirst sensations.
a temporary interruption
The largest route of water loss is about 1500 mL/day and it occurs through ______.
urine excretion
A temporary reduction in thirst occurs when ______.
ingested water distends the digestive tract
the mouth becomes wet
Identify routes by which water is lost from the body.
Urination
Defecation
Respiration
Perspiration
The largest route of water loss is through the excretion of what?
urine
What is/are the primary organ(s) responsible for regulating blood pressure and osmolality by controlling water loss?
Kidneys
True or false: Long-term suppression of thirst results when blood osmolality and volumes are within normal ranges.
True
The amount of water lost through the what passages depends on the temperature and humidity of the air and body temperature.
respiratory or respiration
The hypothalamic sensors are responsive to changes in blood ______, whereas the arterial baroreceptors and juxtaglomerular apparatuses are responsive to changes in blood ______.
osmolality, volume
Routes of water loss occur through ______.
defecation
evaporation
urination
What can affect the volume of water lost through respiration?
Body temperature
Temperature of the air
Humidity of the air
Water loss varies ______ depending on physical activity level and environmental conditions.
greatly
When blood osmolality levels increase, the secretion of ADH ______.
Increases
Identify how the body will respond to an increase in osmolarity of the extracellular fluid.
ADH secretion increases.
Thirst increases.
What structures detect changes in blood pressure and activate mechanisms for regulating extracellular blood volume?
Cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus
Baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch
Mechanisms used to regulate extracellular fluid volume include _____.
antidiuretic hormone mechanism
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
sympathetic neuron inputs
atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism
True or false: Both the adrenal medulla and the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney play an important role in regulating blood volume.
False
Identify the location of baroreceptors that play an important role in regulating blood volume.
Carotid sinus and aortic arch
Name the hormone that has receptors located in the walls of the heart, is released when blood pressure increases and that also increases the production of urine.
Atrial natriuretic hormone
Which of the following structures are involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?
Cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Distal convoluted tubules
Adrenal cortex
Mechanisms used to regulate extracellular fluid volume include _____.
sympathetic neuron inputs
antidiuretic hormone mechanism
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism
Which statements describe the atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism?
ANH results in increased urine production.
Receptors are located in the heart walls.
ANH is released with rising blood pressure.
ADH helps the kidney retain water and thus it slows down the ______ in blood volume and the ______ in its osmolarity. Thus, the ADH mechanism forms a negative feedback loop.
decline, rise
What substances can move across plasma membranes and alter the composition of intracellular fluid?
Water
Electrolytes
Osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by the relative concentration of ______ in each compartment.
solutes
