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Human physiology-Degree > Acid/Base reading 1 > Flashcards

Acid/Base reading 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The human body is composed of at least 50% what?

A

water or H2O

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2
Q

Infants have _____ water by weight than adults, and women usually have _____ water by weight than men.

A

more, less

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3
Q

Name the two major fluid compartments of the body.

A

Extracellular fluid compartment

Intracellular fluid compartment

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4
Q

Blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and fluid in the tissue spaces are included in the what fluid compartment.

A

extracellular

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5
Q

All of the fluid found within the body cells is part of the what?

A

intracellular

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6
Q

Which of the following represents the largest fluid compartment?

A

Intracellular fluid

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7
Q

Which of the the following are subdivisions of the extracellular fluid compartment?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

Plasma

Interstitial fluid

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8
Q

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is ______.

A

sodium

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9
Q

What causes osmotic pressure and movement of water between the fluid compartments?

A

Electrolytes

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10
Q

The most abundant anion in extracellular fluid is what?

A

Chloride

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11
Q

Interstitial fluid and plasma are examples of _____.

A

extracellular fluids

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12
Q

what is an important function of electrolytes in the extracellular fluid?

A

They control the movement of water between fluid compartments.

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13
Q

In regards to the daily volume of water intake and loss ______.

A

intake should equal loss

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14
Q

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is ______.

A

sodium

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15
Q

What major variables are affected by improper regulation of water balance?

A

Interstitial fluid pressure

Blood osmolality

Blood pressure

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16
Q

Most water intake (90%) comes from ______.

A

ingestion

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17
Q

True or False: Water ingestion is regulated by the thirst mechanism.

A

True

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18
Q

Blood osmolarity and pressure can be affected by changes in the volume of ______ in the body.

A

water

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19
Q

Which of the following are sources of water intake?

A

Cellular metabolism

Ingestion

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20
Q

The structure that promotes the thirst sensation is the ______.

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

Besides personal preferences and habits, what important mechanism is responsible for maintaining water intake?

A

Thirst

22
Q

Long-term suppression of thirst is regulated by ______.

A

reduction of blood osmolality

23
Q

An increase in blood ______ or a decrease in blood ______ can result in the sensation of thirst.

A

osmolarity, volume

24
Q

What structures serve as the main sensors for the thirst mechanism?

A

Specialized cells in the kidney

Arterial baroreceptors

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

25
Q

True or false: Long-term suppression of thirst results when blood osmolality and volumes are within normal ranges.

A

True

26
Q

Wetting the oral mucosa and stretching the digestive tract wall causes ______ in thirst sensations.

A

a temporary interruption

27
Q

The largest route of water loss is about 1500 mL/day and it occurs through ______.

A

urine excretion

28
Q

A temporary reduction in thirst occurs when ______.

A

ingested water distends the digestive tract

the mouth becomes wet

29
Q

Identify routes by which water is lost from the body.

A

Urination

Defecation

Respiration

Perspiration

30
Q

The largest route of water loss is through the excretion of what?

A

urine

31
Q

What is/are the primary organ(s) responsible for regulating blood pressure and osmolality by controlling water loss?

A

Kidneys

32
Q

True or false: Long-term suppression of thirst results when blood osmolality and volumes are within normal ranges.

A

True

33
Q

The amount of water lost through the what passages depends on the temperature and humidity of the air and body temperature.

A

respiratory or respiration

34
Q

The hypothalamic sensors are responsive to changes in blood ______, whereas the arterial baroreceptors and juxtaglomerular apparatuses are responsive to changes in blood ______.

A

osmolality, volume

35
Q

Routes of water loss occur through ______.

A

defecation

evaporation

urination

36
Q

What can affect the volume of water lost through respiration?

A

Body temperature

Temperature of the air

Humidity of the air

37
Q

Water loss varies ______ depending on physical activity level and environmental conditions.

A

greatly

38
Q

When blood osmolality levels increase, the secretion of ADH ______.

A

Increases

39
Q

Identify how the body will respond to an increase in osmolarity of the extracellular fluid.

A

ADH secretion increases.

Thirst increases.

40
Q

What structures detect changes in blood pressure and activate mechanisms for regulating extracellular blood volume?

A

Cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus

Baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch

41
Q

Mechanisms used to regulate extracellular fluid volume include _____.

A

antidiuretic hormone mechanism

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

sympathetic neuron inputs

atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism

42
Q

True or false: Both the adrenal medulla and the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney play an important role in regulating blood volume.

A

False

43
Q

Identify the location of baroreceptors that play an important role in regulating blood volume.

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

44
Q

Name the hormone that has receptors located in the walls of the heart, is released when blood pressure increases and that also increases the production of urine.

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone

45
Q

Which of the following structures are involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?

A

Cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Distal convoluted tubules

Adrenal cortex

46
Q

Mechanisms used to regulate extracellular fluid volume include _____.

A

sympathetic neuron inputs

antidiuretic hormone mechanism

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism

47
Q

Which statements describe the atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism?

A

ANH results in increased urine production.

Receptors are located in the heart walls.

ANH is released with rising blood pressure.

48
Q

ADH helps the kidney retain water and thus it slows down the ______ in blood volume and the ______ in its osmolarity. Thus, the ADH mechanism forms a negative feedback loop.

A

decline, rise

49
Q

What substances can move across plasma membranes and alter the composition of intracellular fluid?

A

Water

Electrolytes

50
Q

Osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by the relative concentration of ______ in each compartment.

A

solutes

Human physiology-Degree (33 decks)

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