Acid/Base reading 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The most significant solute in determining total body water and the osmotic pressure of the ECF is _____.

A

sodium

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2
Q

What organ serves as the main route for sodium excretion?

A

Kidney

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3
Q

When blood pressure is increased, ______ is released and the reabsorption of ______ is decreased.

A

ANH, sodium

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4
Q

Sodium ions are excreted by the kidneys and from the ______ in sweat.

A

skin

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5
Q

Indicate which of the following explain why electrolytes are physiologically important.

A

They strongly affect the osmolarity of the body fluids and the body’s water content and distribution.

They determine the electrical potential (charge difference) across cell membranes.

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6
Q

True or false: Although Na+ levels affect blood pressure and blood osmolality, Na+ itself is not directly monitored for the primary mechanisms regulating its concentration.

A

True

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7
Q

What hormone is released in response to changes in blood osmolality and results in changes in extracellular sodium concentration?

A

ADH

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8
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

Increased plasma sodium concentration

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9
Q

When blood pressure is decreased, the release of renin is ______ and the reabsorption of sodium is _______.

A

increased, increased

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10
Q

The primary mechanisms that regulate Na+ levels in the ECF directly monitor what two variables?

A

Blood osmolality

Blood pressure

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT an anion electrolyte?

A

Calcium ion

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12
Q

The most abundant anions of the ECF and thus make a major contribution to its osmolarity are _____ ions.

A

Chloride

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13
Q

Chloride homeostasis is achieved primarily as an effect of ______ homeostasis

A

sodium

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14
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

An abnormally low level of potassium in the extracellular fluid

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15
Q

A sudden increase in the extracellular potassium ion levels tends to make _____ and muscle cells abnormally excitable.

A

nerve

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16
Q

A decrease in extracellular potassium ions causes ______.

A

decreased excitability of muscles

17
Q

What hormone regulates potassium levels, and how does it work?

A

Aldosterone; increases secretion of potassium

18
Q

Muscular weakness and kidney stones are symptoms of what?

A

hypercalcemia

19
Q

Select all of the following which are symptoms of of hypocalcemia.

A

Tetany

Muscle spasms

Confusion

20
Q

Select the symptoms of hypercalcemia from the list below.

A

Fatigue

Weakness

Anorexia

21
Q

How is extracellular calcium regulated?

A

By regulating bone deposition and reabsorption

By regulating intestinal absorption

22
Q

The level of extracellular ______ ions is regulated by the kidneys, bones, and digestive tract.

A

calcium

23
Q

What substance is required for the transport of calcium ions across the intestinal mucosa?

A

Vitamin D

24
Q

Magnesium ions serve as ______.

A

cofactors for important enzymes

25
Q

What roles does phosphate play in the body?

A

It is found in the salts of bone and teeth.

It is an important component of several macromolecules.

It is part of an important intracellular buffer system.

26
Q

If the extracellular concentration of phosphate is abnormal, the ______ will increase or decrease their reabsorption rate.

A

kidneys