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BIOLOGY FINAL > endocrine system + nervous system + reflex arc - 2 > Flashcards

endocrine system + nervous system + reflex arc - 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

regulates mood, metabolism, tissue function, growth and developement, and reproductive processes

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2
Q

what is this system made up of?

A

glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that target a specific group of cells, in order to do some actvity or to stop doing an activity
- they act by binding to chemical receptors on specific levels called target cells
- they are proteins with specific shapes that match the receptors on their target cells
- they may not be produced until specific times in a person’s life

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4
Q

hormones communicate with cells by:

A
  • heading towards their target cell in the blood stream to bring about a particular change or effect to that cell.
  • binding with specific protein receptors inside or on the surface of the cell and specifically changing the cell’s activities
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5
Q

glands

A

structures that produce hormones (chemicals that serve as messengers for the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis)

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

both systems use it to sense, regulate, and process change in the body and restore them to normal through feedback loops

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7
Q

The Glands of the Endocrine System

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thyriod gland
  • parathyroids
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovary
  • testis
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8
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • the master gland because it affects mult. organs in th ebody
  • it is a bean sized organ found at the base of the brain
  • secretes hormones that regulate many body functions & controls the cation of other endocrine glands by actuvating them or turning them off
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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • found next to the pituitary gland
  • it links the nervous system and the endocrine system
  • it controls the secretions of the pituitary gland & recieves internl sensory information
  • the activity level of the hypothalamus depends by the levels of hormones alr present in the blood
  • it secretes a hormone that will trigger and activate the pituitary gland to secrete other hormones that have effects all over the body
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10
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

- pyramid shaped structures, found on top of the kidneys
- they’re glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies by secreting several different hormones
- aldosterone is a hormone that inhibits the amount of sodium excreted in urine and serves to maintain blood volume and pressure
- the hormone cortisol aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
- the hormones epinephrine plays a role in the body’s response to stress

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11
Q

thyroid glands

A
  • base of the neck
  • play a major role in regulating the body’s metabolism, which can impact weight
  • produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bne growth
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12
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4 small glands that release hormones that regulate the calcium levels in the body which can impact bone density

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13
Q

pancreas

A

works in the digestive system as a gland that produces digestive enzymes ancd in the endocrine system a sa gland that produces the hormone, insulin and glucagon

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14
Q

insulin

A

the hormone which regulates teh amount of glucose in the blood

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15
Q

glucagon

A

promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

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16
Q

the hormones that help regulate blood glucose levels

A

insulin and glucagon

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17
Q

blood glucose

A

amount of sugar in the blood;
normal level: 80-120 mg in 100ml of blood

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18
Q

what does the thyroid produce?

A

thyroxine

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19
Q

what does thyroxine do?

A

regulates the way cells reease energy from nutrients

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20
Q

People who produce too much thyroxine will experience what symptoms?

A

nervousness, weight loss, increased thirst, rapid heartbeat, and an intolerance for heat

21
Q

how does teh body react when your thyroid is overactive?

A

the pituitary senses this and slows or shuts down the production of TSH

22
Q

how does teh body react to when you have a low thyroid hormone amount?

A

the pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone to signal the thyroid to release more thyroid hormone

23
Q

neurons

A

cells inside the brain, are electrically active chemical factories that carry messages to and from the brain and body, and within our brain

  • All the neurons you will ever have are present at birth
  • they don’t divide to make new cells
  • they grow and make connections within our brains as we age
  • the more connections we have, the better
24
Q

glial cells

A

support and feed the neurons, packed around them

25
Q

macrophage

A

clears up dead cells and kills germs

26
Q

signals that pass through neurons

A

they result in our sensations, thoughts, movements, memories, and feelings

27
Q

Neurons are made up of 4 parts:

A
  • dendrites
  • the cell body
  • axon
  • axon terminal
28
Q

the cell body

A
  • contains the nucleus, where most of the molecules that the neuron needs to survive and function are made and where neurotransmitters are made
29
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers which help messages travel from neuron to neuron

30
Q

Path of signals through the neuron

A

dendrites –> (through) cell body –> (down) axon (covered in myelin) –> signal stimulates sacs, which release neurotransmitters –> (into) the synapse

31
Q

dendrites

A
  • extend out from the cell body and recieve messages from other nerve cells (look like branches).
  • recieve stimulus and then send an electrical signal towards the cell body
32
Q

axon

A

Gets messages to where they’re needed
messages will travel at different speeds down it. If it has had other cells wrapped around it to form a sheath, then the messages will travel much faster.

  • part of the neuron that moves an electrical signal from the cell body to the end of the neuron, the axon terminal
  • there, it communicates w/ other neurons, muscles, or glands
33
Q

sheath

A

made up of a fatty molecule called myelin, which increases speed of transmission
chemical activity only occurs when there’s no fat along the axon, causing it to travel faster

34
Q

Axon Terminal

A
  • part of th eneuron where neurotransmitters are released into the empty space between neurons (synapse)
  • These chemicals send the impulse to the next neuron, muscle, or gland
35
Q

synapse

A

the place where a signal passes from one neuron to the next
- neurotransmitters cross it and attatch to a neighboring cell, and the process continues until it reaches where it’s being sent

  • electrical signals called action potentials are translated into chemical signals called neurotransmitters that cross the gap
36
Q

The Nervous System has two systems:

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
37
Q

CNS

A
  • brain + spinal cord
  • interprets sensory info to make decisions
38
Q

PNS

A
  • sensory neurons + motor neurons in bundles
  • neurons that project between the CNS out of the spinal cord connect the nervous system to the rest of the body
39
Q

neurons that form the reflex arc

A

sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

40
Q

what is a reflex arc?

A

neural pathways that reflexes occur over

41
Q

sensory receptor

A

reacts to stimuli

42
Q

effector organ

A

muscle or gland that reacts

43
Q

Interneurons

A
  • recieve signal
  • send to CNS
  • relay to motor
44
Q

Motor

A

carry nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands to carry out a specific task

45
Q

Neurons

A
  • cells that pass electrical and chemical signals along pathways in the bran and body
  • when neurons are signaled by the brain, they send action potentials to message other cells, continue transmitting a signal, or release neurotransmitters
  • info from one neuron flows to another neuron across a small gap called a synapse
46
Q

Path of Action Potential

A

Dendrites –> Cell Body –> Axon –> Axon Terminal

47
Q

Path of Action Potential Detailed

A
  1. Signal recieved at Dendrites
  2. Travels through the cell body
  3. Continues down the axon (moves quickly because of myelin sheath)
  4. Reaches the axon terminal & releases a neurotransmitter into the synapse
    recieve and relay to multiple cells
48
Q

Neural Pathway

A
  1. stimulus
  2. Dendrite (skin)
  3. sensory neuron
  4. interneuron
  5. part of brain (hypothalamus)
  6. motor neuron
  7. receptor
  8. movement (result)
49
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A
  1. frontal lobe (reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language)
  2. parietal lobe (integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain.)
  3. temporal lobe (processing affect/emotions, language, and certain aspects of visual perception)
  4. occipital lobe (visual perception, including colour, form and motion)

BIOLOGY FINAL (39 decks)

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