Cellular and Chemical Energy - 3 Flashcards
equation for ATP
ADP + P + energy <—-> ATP
equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
glucose + oxygen –> carbon + water + energy
equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon + water + energy –> glucose + oxygen
photosynthesis
equation for Light Reaction
water + (light) –> (ATP & NADPH) + O2
(occurs in the Thylakoid)
photosynthesis
equation for the Calvin Cycle
CO2 + hydrogen (from water) –> glucose
Glucose —>
synthesis of organic molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins)
Anaerobic Respiration
1) without air/oxygen
2) involves 1 additional step : Fermentation
3) 2 ATP molecules, but faster
anearobic respiration
Fermentation
anaerobic release of energy from food
2 types:
- alcoholic
- lactic acid
used by small organisms
equation for Anearobic respiration overall
glucose –> lactic acid or alcohol + CO2
glycolysis
glucose –> pyruvate (2 ATP)
occurs in cytoplasm
pyruvate –>
lactic acid or alcohol + CO2 (to keep glycolysis going)
Aerobic Respiration
- with air
- 3 step process
- glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain - generates 38 + ATP, but is slower
General formula for Aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
glucose –> pyruvate (2 ATP)
Krebs Cycle and ETC (mitochondrion)
pyruvate + O2 –> CO2 + H2O (up to 38 ATP)
chemiosmotic gradient
the gradient formed by the H+ ions
chloroplast
organelle in the cells of plants and algea, that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photsynthessi
light reactions
first stage of photosynthesisin which light energy from the sun is captured and changed into chemical energy that is stored in ATP and NADPH
thylakoid
flattened sac of membrane insixe a chloroplast where the first stage of photosynthesis (light reactions) occurs
electron carrier
molecules that accet and temporarily hold high-energy electrons
electron transport
3rd stage pf cellular respiration, which occurs n the inner membrane of mitochondria, requires oxygen, and producess up to 34 ATP
ATP
energy carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic processes; provides the cell w/ an immediate usable form of energy
NADPH
short-term energy carrier; temporarily stoesenergy during photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
2nd stage f photosynthesis in which carbon atoms form carbn dioxide are combined, usinbg the energy in ATP and NADPH, to make glucose
glucose
simple sugar that all living things use to store and transport energy
photolysis
splitting water by light; produces thr hydrogen ions and electronds used in light reactions and oxygen atoms
electron transport chain
series of elecrton transport molecule tyhat pass high-energy electrons from molecule to molecul and captire their energy
chemiosmotic gradient
an electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane of the mitochondrion; due to concentration difference of both positive cjarges and hydrogen ions
Krebs Cycle
2nd stage of cellular respiration in which two pyruvate molecules from the first stage to form ATP, NADPH, and FADH2 in the presemce of ocygen
NADH
Short-term energy carrier; temporarily stores energy during cellular respiration
mitochondrion
Organelle in eukaryotic cells that uses energy stored in glucose to make atp, which cells can use for energy
carbon fixation
Process in which an organism builds low energy in organic CO2 into high energy organic molecule like glucose
starch
Large, complex carbohydrate found in food such as grains and vegetables that the body uses for energy matter plus water is recycled. none can be added or lost
