Endocrine Flashcards
Alpha amanitin is what?
found in mushrooms, inhibits RNA polymerase II
What is Lyonization?
female carriers variably affected depending on the pattern of inactivation of the X chromosome carrying the mutant vs normal gene
Hashimoto Thyroiditis patients are at an increased risk of getting what?
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
What is the path issue with Hurthle cells? How does the thyroid feel?
Hashimoto Thyroiditis Non tender
A kid with a big tongue and an umbilical hernia, not to mention mental impairment is what?
Cretinism, hypothyroidism
What is Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, usually caused by? Is the thyroid painful?
Viral Infection very tender thyroid
Riedel Thyroiditis mimics what due to its rock hard fibrosis? Is the thyroid painful?
anaplastic carcinoma, has an IgG4 related systemic disease painless goiter
Amiodarone can cause what?
hyperthyroidism
Papillary carcinoma, has what path buzz phrase? What are the main causes?
empty appearing nuclei with central clearing (orphan annie eyes)
psammoma bodies childhood irradiation (Tall cell variant, follicular hyperplasia lined by tall epithelial cells
Follicular Carcinoma is DDX from an adenoma based on what?
invades thyroid capsule and vasculature, RAS mutation
Pax-8, PPAR-gamma issues
What is in the medullary carcinoma path buzz phrase?What does it produce?
amyloid –> congo red RET mutations in the MEN 2A and 2B remember amyloid is polygonal or spindle cell activation something calcitonin
What is undifferentiated/anaplastic carcinoma path findings? What is the DDX?
spindle cell and Giant cell differentiation Reidel’s Thyroiditis
p53
What part of the kidney is particularly worrisome with Diabetes Melitus?
Renal efferent arteriosclerosis
When we are undergoing DKA, what is one lab value to look at?
phosphate
Thyroid and parafollicular cells, C cells make calcitonin, where are they derived from?
endoderm
Basophils are what hormones? Acidophils are what hormones?
Basophils: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
Acidophils: GH, and PRL
After a woman has a child, what is the histology of her thyroid?
lymphocytic infiltrate with occasional germinal center formation
Postpartum thyroiditis
What is hypothyroidism has granulomatous inflammation, mixed cellular infiltration with occasional multinucleated giant cells?
Painful or Non-painful?
Subactue Granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain)
Painful
What hypothyroid disease has hurthle cells, lymphoid aggregates with germinal cells?
Hasimoto Thyroiditis
What disease is the thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue with inflammaotry infiltrate, mimics anaplastic carcinoma?
Riedel Thyroiditis
Thyroid, histo of tall, crowded follicular epithelial cells; scalloped colloid?
Graves Disease
What is focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells distended with colloid working independently of TSH?
Toxic Multinodular Goiter
If I have cold nodules what do I have?
Carcinoma, adenoma
Endocrine
AD
Bad G(s) Subunit
Mother imprinting
Shortened 5th digit
High PTH, low Calcium
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Endocrine
AD
Bad G(s) alpha unit
Dad imprinting
no shortened digit
Normal PTH/Normal Calcium
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, no PTH end organ resistance
Defective G-coupled Ca2+ sensing receptors in multiple tissues, higher than normal Ca, required to suppress PTH, mild hypercalcemia and hypocalciuria, elevated PTH
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
