endocrine 11 Flashcards
what space occupation problem could pituitary tumours cause
- compression optic chiasma
5 stimuli which can increase insulin release
- high blood glucose
- high amino acids
- glucagon
- hormones controlling GI secretion
- vagal nerve activity
stages through which insulin release is triggered
- high blood glucose
- metabolism increase
- ATP increase
- kATP channels close
- cells depolarise, Ca open
- Ca entry acts as a signal triggering insulin secretion
why does the liver take up glucose in a fed state
insulin activates hexokinase, lowering [BG], creating a gradient favouring glucose movement into cells
aside from negative feedback loops, what are other factors that can control hormone secretion
- neural feedback
- prolonged exposure to high/ low levels
- permissive effects
- antagonistic effects
what connects hypothalamus and pituitary
- capillaries
- stalk called infundibulum
stimuli which inhibit insulin release?
- low blood glucose
- somatostatin
- stress
- sympathetic alpha effects
main mediation of GH secretion
modulation control of GHIH/ GHRH @ hypothalamus
neutropenia
abnormal decrease in number of neutrophils in peripheral blood
how is atherosclerosis accelerated in diabetes mellitus patients
glycosylation
glucose attaches to LDLs, stopping proper binding of LDLs @ liver, LDLs not removed by liver, so stay in blood -> hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis
what random venous plasma glucose result would indicate diabetes
> 11.1mmol/l
how is insulin synthesised
large pre hormone -> preproinsulin -> proinsulin
when is infantile phase
0-2yrs
function tropic hormones
govern the release of other hormones
what is function of feeding centre
promotes feelings of hunger and drive to eat
function of insulin
stimulates glucose uptake by cells
when is pubertal phase
12->final height
2 tissue types/ areas located in pituitary
anterior - endocrine
posterior - neuroendocrine
MODY
maturity onset diabetes of the young
what are peptide/ protein hormones composed of
chains of amino acids
osteoblasts
bone building cells
normoglycaemia
glucose levels associated with a low risk of developing diabetes or cardiovascular risk
what kind of cells have cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors
all nucleated
Cushing syndrome
excess corticosteroid
