Emphysema

Question 1

What is emphysema

Answer 1

destruction to the walls of the airways, alveoli, and blood vessels

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

smoking

genetic defect to a1 antitrypsin (inhibits proteases)

Question 3

Patho of smoking

Answer 3

inhibits a1 antitrypsin (smoking inhibits the inhibitor)

attracts inflammatory cells = tissue damamge

Question 4

Patho

Answer 4

increase of proteases/elastases - destroy alveoli walls

alveoli merge decreasing the surface area= decrease gas exchange with decrease surface area

permanent distended air space - ventilation impaired

air traps in between the merging alveoli - increases dead air space - increase work of breathing to compensate

capillary wall destroyed = impaired perfusion

Question 5

what is dead air space

Answer 5

areas of no gas exchange ex: trachea

Question 6

what are the types of emphysema

Answer 6

Centriacinar: common, terminal and respiratory bronchioles
Panacinar: peripheral alveoli

Question 7

Manifestations

Answer 7

dyspnea
increased ventilation effort
accessory muscles
barrel chest

Question 8

Diagnosis

Answer 8

Hx, Px
labs: CBC, ABGs
Chest xray
pulmonary function tests
- tidal volume
- total lung capacity

Question 9

what is tidal volume

Answer 9

the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied
- usually around 500-600 ml

Question 10

what is total lung capacity

Answer 10

the volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration