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A&P I > Electrical Signals > Flashcards

Electrical Signals Flashcards

1
Q
  • Muscle contraction
  • Neuron to muscle communication
  • Neuron to neuron communication
  • Neuron to endocrine cell communication
A

Electrical Signals

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2
Q

Ohm’s Law mathematically defines the physics of ??

A

Electricity

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3
Q

What is I in the I=V/R ?

A

Current

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4
Q

What is V in the I=V/R ?

A

Potential

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5
Q

What is the R in the I=V/R ?

A

Resistance

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6
Q

Current is generated by moving ?

A

electrons or ions

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7
Q

What is the effect of unequal charges ?

A

Electrical potential

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8
Q

The body itself is ?

A

Neutral

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9
Q

Individual cells have ___ charge because of permeability of the membrane to certain ions and protein/peptides cant cross.

A

Net negative charge

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10
Q

Concetration high outside the cell, low inside the cell

A

Na+

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11
Q

Concentration low outside the cell, high inside the cell

A

K+

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12
Q

The potential electrical energy that pushes ions inside the cell or across the membrane

A

Membrane Potentials

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13
Q

The membrane potential that is at rest when no signals are entering the cell or leaving

A

Resting membrane potential

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14
Q

RMP is ___ because movement of ion outside the cell is balanced by the movement of ions into the cell creating a balance of charges.

A

Stable

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15
Q

RMP is ___ because there are more negatively charged particles inside the cell than outside the cell.

A

Negative

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16
Q

At RMP, __ concentration is high outside the cell in ECF

A

Na+

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17
Q

At RMP, ___ Concentration is high inside the cell

A

K+

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18
Q

Works well with permeability to create currents across the membrane

A

The difference in Na+ and K= concentrations inside and outside the cell.

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19
Q

The membrane potential is more permeable to ___ at rest than ____ creating a positive current out the cell across the membrane that helps create the negative membrane potential

A

K+, Na+

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20
Q

The unequal__ pumping ratio of the Na+/K+ATPase pump that helps maintain RMP

A

3:2

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21
Q

The potential created when new current flows into or out of the cell, small changes

A

Graded potential (local potential)

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22
Q

Graded potentials build up and move down a neuron to a point where it ____

A

Triggers an action potential

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23
Q

Graded potentials are __ compared to action potentials

A

Small

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24
Q

_____ move inside the cell much faster than action potentials since they are actually just current once generated.

A

Graded potential

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25
Q

A big, characteristic change in membrane potential that carries a signal a long distance either down and axon or all over the surface of a muscle cell.

A

Action potential

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26
Q

Area of connection between neuron to neuron, or between neuron to muscle

A

Synapse

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27
Q

Chemicals that move across these synapses. These chemicals are released from nerve terminals, travel across synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron/muscle.

A

Neurotransmiter

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28
Q

Negative charges line up along the inside of the membrane, and positive charges line up along outside of the membrane

A

Capacitance or membrane

29
Q

Membrane potential when the movement of that ion in and out of the cell through channels in the membrane is equal.

A

Equilibrium potential (Nernst potential)

30
Q

Same number of particles of that particular ion are leaving the cell as there are entering the cell creating an equal current from that ion going out to the current from that ion going into the cell

A

Equilibrium potential

31
Q

The only four ions about equilibrium potential

A

Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-

32
Q

Have positive equilibrium potentials

A

Na+ and Ca++

33
Q

have equilibrium potentials less than resting membrane potential of human cells

A

K+, Cl-

34
Q

Na+ has ___ extracellular Concentration

A

Higher

35
Q

Na+ has ___ Intracellular concentration

A

Lower

36
Q

K+ has ___ Extracellular concentration

A

Lower

37
Q

K+ has ____ Intracellular concentration

A

Higher

38
Q

Cl- has ____ Extracellular concentration

A

Higher

39
Q

Cl- has ___ Intracellular concentration

A

Lower

40
Q

Proteins have ____Extracellular concentration

A

Lower

41
Q

Proteins have ____ Intracellular concentration

A

Higher

42
Q

These are channels that are always open and responsible for the permeability of the membrane to certain ions

A

Leaky channels

43
Q

Has 3 different types. No always opening, but have to be actively opened

A

Gated channels

44
Q

Ligand binds to receptor either on extracellular domain or intracellular dmain, channel opens or closes, ions flow in or out of cell

A

Chemically gated

45
Q

Voltage across membrane causes channel to open or close, ions flow in or out of cell

A

Voltage gated

46
Q

Mechanical force such as stretching or bending causes channel to open or close, ions flow in r out of cell. Hearing, balance, and touch all deal with these types of gated channels.

A

Mechanically gated

47
Q

Opening or closing of chemically or mechanically gated channels lead to ____

A

current flowing in or out of the cell, thus creating Graded potential

48
Q

Can be depolarizing, which is making the cell more positive than resting membrane potential or hyper-polarizing. Making the cell more negative than RMP

A

Graded Potential

49
Q

Doesnt decay, all or none , amplitude remains the same down the axon

A

Action Potential

50
Q

In action potentials , they are slow to open at initial depolarization, but are fully open when repolarization

A

K+ channels

51
Q

In action potentials, they become inactivated during re polarization

A

Na+ channels

52
Q

___ channels are either closed, open, or inactivated

A

Na+

53
Q

Channels are either open or closed and do not have an inactivation gate

A

K+

54
Q

when areas of the axon or membrane cant generate action potential, they are called ____

A

Refactory

55
Q

2 types of refactory

A

Absolute and Relative

56
Q

None of the channels have completely reset, and no action potential can occur. Seen during depolarization and more of repolarixtion

A

Absolute

57
Q

Some channels have reset, small action potentials can be generated but the stimulus has to be very strong. Seen near the end of re-polarization

A

Relative

58
Q

Cell that sends signal

A

Pre synaptic neuron

59
Q

Cell that receives that signal. Can be neuron or muscle

A

Post synaptic cell

60
Q

In neuron to muscle process, the neurotransmitter released is ___

A

Acetylcholine

61
Q

Acetylcholine binds to ___receptor on muscle cell, changing its shape and allowing Na+ to com in, creating a ___

A

Nicotinic cholinergic, graded potential

62
Q

Changes in membrane potential that are moving closer to zero mv, electrically neutral. Making it more positive than resting potential

A

Depolarization

63
Q

changes in membrane potential thats moving further from zero mv , Making it more negative than resting potential.

A

Hyperpolarization

64
Q

Return of membrane potential back to resting potential after a large depolarization like the rising phase of the action potential

A

Repolarization

65
Q

How fast is action potentials

A

2-10 msec

66
Q

The cell that is sending the signal

A

Pre-Synaptic neuron

67
Q

The cell that is receiving the signal

A

Post synaptic cell

68
Q

Where the neurotransmitter is usually stored

A

synaptic vesicles

69
Q

chemical synapses releases a chemical known as _____

A

Neurotransmitter, into a synaptic cleft

A&P I (16 decks)

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