Chapter 6 - The Integumentary System Flashcards
Contains the epidermis or superficial epithelium and dermis
Cutaneous membrane or skin
Located primary in dermis and come out through epidermis , contains hair , nails , and exocrine glands
Accessory structures
Abrasion , fluid loss , immune system , chemicals
Protect
Salts, water, organic wastes
Excrete
Cells that make keratin, a protien that makes cells harder and tougher
Keratinocytes
Maintenance of body temperature
Synthesis of vitamin d3
Storage of lipids
Sensation of touch , pressure , pain and temperature
Functions of skin
epidermal ridges begin here as interdigitations with dermal papillae
Stratum germinativum or stratum basale
Stem cells for keratinocytes are here as well as merkel cells and melanocytes
Dividing cells push other cells up through the layers to the outer stratum cornermen
Stratum germinativum or stratum Basele
Means “spiny layer”
Also contains langerhans cells (immune system)
Stratum spinosum
Means “grainy layer”
Cells produce keratin and keratohylalin ; these proteins dry and toughen the cells leading to flattening
Cells die as the move upward through this layer
Stratum granulosum
Thin layer of clear keratin packed cells found only in thick skin
Stratum lucidum
The outermost layer of dead keratinized cells and water resistant
Stratum cornermen
Deeper four-fifth of the dermis
Reticular layer
Composed of areolar tissue , one - fifth of dermis
Papillary layer
Fibrous connective tissue , blood vessels , sweat glands and hair follicles are there
Dermis
Due to epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation
The color of skin
Most important pigment for determining skin color
Melanin
Black, brown, yellow brown protein produced in ___
Melanocytes
Genetically controlled
Skin color
A pigment of minor importance
Carotene
Found in orange colored foods and squash
Carotene
Cause orange- yellow color in light skinned person
Carotene
A blue appearance to skin or mucus membrane due to lack of oxygen ; particularly seen on lips and nails
Cyanosis
A yellow color to the skin and whites of the eyes due to inability of liver to secrete bike ; bilirubin , a yellow pigment from breakdown of RBCs , builds up the body
Jaundice
A hormone that can stimulate increased melanin production in melanocytes
Melanocytes stimulating hormone
May cause skin darling , like Addison’s disease
Msh producing tumors
A condition where individuals lose their melanocytes, depigmentation is iregular both in extent and size of light spots and how light the spots are. Genetic and is an autoimmune disease
Vitiligo
Major risk factor for skin cancer
uV exposure from the sun
A scaly area
Keratosis
Most common but least dangerous ; takes many years to metastasize
Basal cell carinoma
Fairly common in older individuals; takes many months to a few years to metastasize
Squamous cell carcinoma
Least common , but extremely dangerous , takes weeks to months to metastasize
Malignant melanoma
Irregular shape to a mole
Asymmetry
Indistinct or irregular border to a mole
Border
Mixture of colors , or very dark colors , may also ooze or bleed
Color
A mole that is large than about 5mm in diameter , a little bigger than a pencil eraser
Diameter
Major cause of wrinkles
UV exposure
The active form of vitamin D3
Calcitriol
Redness from blood
Erythema
Necessary for proper nervous system development and maintenance
Folate
Areolar tissue containing capillaries , lymphatics and sensory neurons ; named for the dermal papillae , little bumps or hills that project upward between the epidermal ridges
Papillary layer
Dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers , contains all the cells expected in proper connective tissue , deep to papillary layer ,
Reticular layer
2 of the biggest factors contributing to early wrinkle formation
UV exposure and smoking
A cut parallel to the direction between the fibers gap less and heal with much less scarring than a cut across fibers . Used by surgeons to help minimize healing time and scaring
Line of cleavage
The network of arteries at the border of the reticular layer and the subcutaneous layer
Cutaneous plexus
The network of arteries in the papillary layer
Papillary plexus
Also known as the subcutaneous layer
Hypodermis
Areolar and adipose tissue and quite elastic
Subcutaneous layer
Many veins here will construct to return blood to circulation if needed , acts as a reservoir
Subcutaneous layer
Fat layer acts as insulation , shock absorber and energy reservoir
Subcutaneous layer
Known as epidermal derivatives
Accessory structures
It’s dead , keratinized epithelial cells and are divided into the root and shaft
Hair
Below the skin surface , anchors hair into skin , includes bulb and papilla
Root
Is at the base of the root , wrapped around the papilla
Bulb
The cells that actually divide to form the hair , also part of the bulb
Matrix
The area of containing capillaries and nerves that protrudes up into the root just beanbags the matrix
Papillary
From the root to the top of the hair
Shaft
The center of the shaft
Medulla
Around the medulla of the hair shaft
Cortex
Wrapped around the cortex of the shaft
Cuticle
Hair on a fetus , unpigmented and very fine
Lanugo
Fine, unpigmented hair “peach fuzz” on most areas of body surface
Vellus hairs
Heavier , more pigmented hairs
Terminal hairs
These secrete lipids into hair follicles
Sebaceous glands or oil glands
Secretion from oil glands , inhibits some bacterial growth and protects the hair shaft as well as conditioning the surrounding skin ; exhibits Holocene secretion
Sebum
Glands secrete directly onto the skin
Sebaceous follicles
secrete in a Merocrine fashion , stinky sweat glands , secretion is sticky and cloudy
Apoceine sweat glands
A combination of merocrine and apocrine secretion
Mammary glands
Modified sweat glands in the ear that resemble apocrine sweat glands
Ceremonious glands
Sebaceous glands secretion and dead cells , also known as earwax
Cerumen
Main potion of visible nail
Nail body
The part you would normally trim
Free edge
Moon shaped crescent where the nail meets the cuticle
Lunula
Another name for cuticle
Eponychium
An epidermal fold deep to the skin , near the bone , where the nail is actually produced by dividing cells
Nail root
Area of stem cells that actually produce the nail
Nail matrix
Cells that divide to regenerate both the dermis and epidermis
Stem cells
Bleeding occurs and immune system cells migrate into injured tissue during ___
Inflammation
Formed from a protein called fibrin
Scab
Cells that migrate along the edges of the wound
Stratum germinativum
Moved into the injured area
Fibroblasts and macrophages
Forms the red to dark pink stuff under a scab
Granulation tissue , a combination of fibrin , fibroblasts and re growing capillaries
Has high density of collage fibers and few blood vessels forming a very fibrous tissue
Scar tissue
Bleeding occurs
Step 1.
Scab is formed
Step 2.
Scab begins the dissolve as fibroblast activity leads the appearance of collagen fibers and ground substance
Step 3.
Scar tissue forms in dermis
Step 4.
An area of excessive scarring resulting in an area of raised tissue ; the area of this is often greater than the size of the initial wound
Keloid
Redness; Damaged to epidermis only
1st degree burn
Blistering , damage to epidermis and Demi’s
Second degree burn
The skin is gone , epidermis and all of the dermis is gone and damage frequently extends to the hypodermics
Third degree burn
First and second degree burns are this
Partial thickness burns
Third degree burns are this
Full thickness burns
Used when estimating extent of a persons body converted by burns .
Rule of nines
For adults arm is __%
9%
Each leg is about __%
2x9
18%
The head is about __%
9%
The trunk is about __%
4x9
36%
Red/pink melanin
Phenomelanin
Brown and black melanin
Eumelanin
Very little or no melanin
Albinism
Round hair shaft
Straight hair
Oval shaped shaft
Wavy hair
Ribbon like shaft
Curly hair
Hair grows ___years
6-8 years
You lose ___ hairs a day
50-100
Technical term for balding , terminal hairs get converted into vellus hair
Alopecia
X-linked recessive gene and expose to testosterone
Male pattern baldness
Excessive or undesirable hair growth
Hirsutism
Hirsutism due to high testosterone levels
Polycystic ovarian
Inflammation of the sebaceous glands
Acne
Inflammation of skin , itching , redness , like poison ivy
Dermatitis
Itchy , red skin lesions , caused by allergy , starts around age 5.
Eczema
Red rash like area , nose / cheeks , dilated blood vessels
Rosacea
Patchy scaly white/ yellow inflammation , cradle cap
Seborrheic
Any fungal infection of skin, moist area
Tinea
