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A&P I > Chapter 7 - Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Long slender bones; bones of arms, legs, fingers & toes , palms & soles

A

Long bones

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2
Q

Thin, flat bones that typically protect organs underneath; skull , sternum, ribs, scapula

A

Flat bones

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3
Q

Tiny bones found between flat bones of the skull; formed during growth & development as sutures form between the skull bones

A

Sutural bones or Wormian bones

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4
Q

small cube-shaped bones found in wrists (carpals) & ankles (tarsals)

A

Short bones

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5
Q

Small, flat, and shaped something like a sesame seed; found inside tendons ; patella

A

sesamoid bones

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6
Q

bones that have complex shapes and dont fit the other categories ; skull bones around the face, pelvis, vertebrae

A

Irregular bones

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7
Q

network of collagen fibers with the calcium phosphate salt, hydroxyapatite, crystallized in bone

A

Bone

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8
Q

a crystallized calcium phosphate salt found in bone

A

Hyroxyapatite

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9
Q

organic extracellular matrix of bone; consists of collagen fibers proteoglycans (organic)

A

Osteoid

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10
Q

Lay down new bone on surface at periosteum or endosteum

A

Osteoblast

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11
Q

The process that involves osteoblasts

A

Osteogenesis

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12
Q

Osteoblasts make bone by secreting what ?

A
  • Collagen
  • Calcium
    -Phosphate
    Alkaline Phosphatase
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13
Q

Osteoblasts trapped in the bone become ??

A

Osteocytes

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14
Q

They maintain & monitor matrix from within lucunae

A

Osteocytes

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15
Q

They connect to each other via gap junctions through cytoplasmic extensions

A

Osteocytes

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16
Q

Break down bone on surface at periosteum or endosteum

A

Osteoclasts

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17
Q

The process that involves osteoclasts

A

Resorption or esteolysis

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18
Q

they are derived from cells that also give rise to monocytes and when activated they precursor cells fuse to form large, multinucleated cells

A

osteoclast

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19
Q

Has a ruffled border and releases H+ (acid) and hydrolytic enzymes to de-mineralize and break down the collagen matrix

A

Osteoclast

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20
Q

Activate & regulate osteoclasts

A

Osteoblast

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21
Q

mesenchymal cells that divide to and form osteoblasts ; found in periosteum

A

Stem cells or Osteoprogenitor cells

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22
Q

Mature bone with organized lamellae oriented parallel and perpendicular to compression

A

Lamellar bone

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23
Q

Immatire or repairing bone with disorganized lamellae lamellae (all of orientaion)

A

Woven bone

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24
Q

Main blood vessels entering and leaving the bone

A

Nutrient artery & vein

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25
Q

Supply blood to the inner surface of each growth plate

A

Metaphyseal vessels

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26
Q

Supply blood to the periosteum & superficial osteons

A

Periosteal Vessels

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27
Q

Where the hyline version of the model is formed, ossified by the deposition of calcum phosphate salt onto the collagen fibers of the cartilage

A

Endochondral ossification

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28
Q

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts remodel the ossified cartilage into true bone at primary and secondary ossification centers

A

Endochondral ossification

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29
Q

The original woven bone is gradually remolded into lamellar bone

A

Enchochonral ossification

30
Q

A membrane model of the bone forms in the correct place

A

Intramembranous ossification

31
Q

Mesenchymal cells cluster in the center of the membrane and form a primary ossification center that secretes bone , blood vessels grow

A

Intramembranous ossification

32
Q

In infants, cartilage between the skull

A

Frontanels

33
Q

rapid growth of baby’s skull during the first __ months of life

A

12-18

34
Q

Layer of hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphyses at the ends of long bones

A

Growth plate or epiphyseal plate

35
Q

grows in the middle , refers to growth at the growth plates for long bones. New cartilage is produced at this time and is pushed in the direction of the bone shaft

A

Interstitial growth

36
Q

Growth at the edges . occurs at the periosteum to add thickness to the bone all along its length. Occurs through addition of cartilage at the epiphyses during puberty

A

Appositional growth

37
Q

the visible lines in the bones that indicate where growth plates existed

A

Epiphyseal lines

38
Q

Estrogen

A

Girls

39
Q

Testosterone

A

Boys

40
Q

active form of calcitrol , also known as cholecalciferol

A

Vitamin D

41
Q

Necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines

Insufficient ___ causes rickets and osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D

42
Q

Necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts

Deficiency results in scurvy

A

Vitamin C

43
Q

Requirements for Normal bone growth

A

Calcium, phosphate, protein, Vitamin D, A, C, K & B12

44
Q

stimulates osteoblast activity particularly in children

A

Vitamin A

45
Q

Required for normal protein syntheses

A

Vitamin K & B12

46
Q

Hormones needed for regulation of blood calcium levels

A

PTH, Calcitriol, & Calcitonin

47
Q
  • From parathyroid gland
  • causes blood calcium to rise
  • Releases calcium from bone through increased osteoclast activity
A

Parathyroid hormone

48
Q
  • Causes kidney to retain calcium in blood from urine
  • Causes formation of calcitrol by kidney
  • Secreted when blood calcium levels drop
A

Parathyroid hormone

49
Q
  • Also known as active vitamin D
  • Causes blood calcium to rise
  • Required for intestinal absorption of calcium
A

Calcitriol

50
Q
  • inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion

- secreted when PTH reaches kidney

A

Calcitriol

51
Q

essential for absorption of calcium from the intestines

A

Calcitriol

52
Q
  • Causes blood calcium levels to lower
  • causes increased calcium deposition in bone through increased osteoblast activity
  • Important in pregnancy
A

Calcitonin

53
Q

usually only secreted after eating a meal with very high calcium content normally
High blood calcium causes this to be secreted

A

Calcitonin

54
Q

regulates calcium levels and bone remodeling activity

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

55
Q
  • produced by pituitary gland
  • stimulate production of somatomedins
  • Works with somatomedins tostimulate growth of cartilage
A

growth hormone

56
Q
  • Produced by liver & bone

- stimulates growth of cartilage, particularly at growth plates of long bones

A

Somatomedins

57
Q
  • produced by the thyroid gland
  • Required for normal growth hormone secretion
  • Increases metabolic activity
A

Thyroid hormone

58
Q
  • Produced by the pancreas

- Required for normal muscle growth & maintenance; stress of muscles on bones is required to stimulate growth

A

Insulin

59
Q

Also causes blood glucose to move into tissues providing energy for growth processes

A

Insulin

60
Q

Produced by the gonads ( overies or testes)

A

Sex steroids

61
Q
  • Stimulates spurts of growth in long bones

- Stimulates the fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates which will stop the increase in height at the end of puberty

A

Sex steriods

62
Q

No break in the skin

A

Closed or simple

63
Q

Open or compound

A

Broken bone sticks through skin

64
Q

Fracture does not go completely through bone

A

Incomplete

65
Q

Fracture goes all the way through bone

A

Complete

66
Q

bone is not aligned properly

A

displaced

67
Q

bone is fractured but still in alignment

A

Nondisplaced

68
Q

Breaks a long bone across (perpendicular) to the long axis of the shaft

A

Transverse

69
Q

Shatters the bone into many fragments

A

Comminuted

70
Q

a spiral break in the bone caused by a twisting motion

A

spiral

A&P I (16 decks)

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