Chapter 1 - Intro To A&P Flashcards
- Organism
- System
- Organ
- Tissue
- Cell
- Organelle
- Macromolecules
- Molecules
- Atom
Hierarchy of complexity
What things look like , identified and named
Anatomy
How things look like, identified, and named
Anatomy
Surface, gross, histology, cellular, and monocular
Different levels of Anatomy
How living things function and work
Physiology
Organismal, systematic, cellular, molecular, pathophysiological
Different types/levels of Physiology
The maintenance of balance within the body and between the body and the environment
Homeostasis
A guiding principle in our understanding of Physiology
Homeostasis
accomplished through regulation of physiological variables
Homeostasis
Auto-regulation and Extrinsic regulation
Types of Homeostasis
Intrinsic and occurs within a cell, tissue, or organ.
Auto-regulation
Regulated by one of the 2 major control systems in the body , the nervous system or the endocrine system. Send signals to cells, tissues, or organs via nerves or hormones to change the activity of that cell of tissue.
Extrinsic regulation
Most homeostasis is maintained via ______
Negative Feedback
Negative and Positive
Types of Feedback
Achieved through feedback mechanisms
Homeostasis
- Causes change opposite to the stimulation that was detected by sensory structures. I.e. an increase above desired level triggers mechanisms to decrease the level ,vise versa.
- Maintains a physiological variable within acceptable limits by generating an oscillating pattern around the set point when changes are graphed over time
(UP and DOWN, HIGH and LOWS)
Negative Feedback
- Causes change similar to the stimulus that activated the systems leads to continuous escalation or continuous decrease until the system reaches a crashing point
- See in developmental changes (eg. Ovulation)
- Response to dangerous or stressful situations
Positive Feedback
Energy flows
Gradients
Doesn’t need any added energy to make it happen
Down gradients
Requiring energy input to make it happen
Up gradients
A position used to define directional terms in human anatomy
Anatomical position
Vertical and symmetrical plane, divides the body into right and left section
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections.
Frontal plane
Horizontal plane that divides the body into lower (inferior) and upper (superior) sections
Transverse plane
Towards the front or belly
Ventral
Towards the back or spine
Dorsal
Towards the ventral side (front)
Anterior
Towards the dorsal side (back)
Posterior
Towards the head or superior end
Cephalic
Towards the forehead or nose
Rostral
Towards the tail or inferior end
Caudal
Above
Superior
Below
Inferior
Towards the median plane
Medial
Away from the median plane
Lateral
Closer to the point of attachment or origin
Proximal
Father from the point of attachment or origin
Distal
On the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
On opposite sides of the body
Contralateral
Closer to the body surface
Superficial
Farther from the body surface
Deep
Cephalic (Ventral)
Head
Facial
Face
Cervical
Neck
Thoracic
- Sternal
- Pectoral
Chest
Umbilical
Bellybutton
Abdominal
Stomach
Inguinal
-Pubic (mons pubis)
Groin
External Genitalia for men
- Penis
- Testes
- Scrotum
Femoral
Thigh
Crural
Leg
Tarsal
Ankle
Pedal
-Dorsum
Foot
Plantar surface
Sole of foot
Cranial (Dorsal)
Head
Nuchal
Back of neck
Interscapular
Between the shoulder blades
Scapular
Shoulder blade
Vertebral
Spine
Lumbar
Between the lowest ribs and the hips
Sacral (Sacrum)
By the triangle bone by the part of the back, base of the spine
Gluteal
Butt
Dorsum of hand
Back of hand
Perineal
the area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva
Femoral (Femur)
Thigh or upper hind limb
Popliteal
Back of knee
Calcaneal
Heel
Top right and left region
Hypochondriac region
Middle right and left abdominal region
Lateral abdominal region
Lower right and left hip region
Inguinal region
First horizontal line above the Epigastric and umbilical region
Subcostal line
Second horizontal line above the hip bones
Intertubercular line
2 vertical lines under the nipples
Midclavicular lines
Top center region
Epigastric region
Middle center region
Umbilical region
Lower center region
Hypogastric region
Contains the brain
Cranial cavity
Contains the spinal cord
Vertebral canal
Chest cavity
Thoracic cavity
inferior to the thoracic cavity and superior to the abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
inferior of the diaphragm and superior to the pelvic cavity . Contains the Digestive organs , spleen, and kidneys
Abdominal cavity
Contains the reproductive organs , rectum and the bladder
Pelvic cavity
Contains the lungs
Pleural cavity
Central area of the Thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
Contains the heart
Pericardial cavity
Membrane lining of the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
Meninges
Membrane lining of lungs
Pleurae
Membrane lining of the heart
Pericardium
Membrane lining of the Abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
Covers the outside of the organs (Inside)
Visceral
Lines the wall of the cavity (Outside)
Parietal
Acromial
Shoulder
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Cubital
Elbow
Antebrachial
Forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Palmar
Palm
Coxal
Hip
Patellar
Knee
Pedal dorsum
Foot
What region is liver and gallbladder ?
Epigastric region
What region is the 10th rib in ?
Hypochondriac region
What region is the small intestine located?
Umbilical region
What region is the large intestine located ?
Lumbar region
What region is the urinary bladder and the urethra located ?
Hypo gastric region
