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A&P I > Chapter 16 - Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Senses Flashcards

1
Q

– in neuroscience, this term can refer either to a protein that binds and responds to
chemical messenger or it can refer to a cell or structure that converts one kind of energy into
an electrical signal within a cell

A

Receptors

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2
Q

used for vision

A

Photoreceptors

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3
Q

used for hearing; touch; proprioception; respond to

stretch or bending of part of a cell

A

Mechanoreceptors

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4
Q

used for sensing taste (tongue), smell (olfactory), osmolarity
(hypothalamus), O2, CO2 (in hypothalamus and near heart) & H+ (in brainstem)

A

Chemoreceptors

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5
Q

create a sensation of pain; work by binding chemicals released
during inflammation and tissue injury; technically, they are chemoreceptors

A

Nociceptors

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6
Q

– pressure (actually a type of mechanoreceptor); found in walls
of major blood vessels and in the lungs to monitor lung expansion and stretch

A

Baroreceptors

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7
Q

provide information about position, stretch or force of
contraction of muscles, tendons & ligaments in the body. These allow you to
know the position of body parts relative to each other.

A

Proprioceptors

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8
Q

– the energy that activates the receptor

A

Stimulus

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9
Q

– process of changing stimulus into a change in membrane potential

A

Transduction

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10
Q

graded potential generated by sensory receptor; due to

opening/closing of gated channel

A

Receptor potential

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11
Q

– the type of energy sensed (e.g. light or sound)

A

Modality

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12
Q

strength of stimulation (e.g. how bright or how loud)

A

Intensity

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13
Q

– one afferent neuron and all the receptors that send it signals

A

Sensory unit –

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14
Q

the sensory area covered by one afferent neuron; one sensory unit
defines a receptive field

A

Receptive field

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15
Q

– precision of the sensation; often related to ability to localize stimulus
(generated by size of receptive fields

A

Acuity

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16
Q

decreased receptor response with continued stimulation; enhances
ability to detect change & ignore background

A

Adaptation

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17
Q

something that happens both at the level of the individual receptor and in the CNS.

A

Adaptation

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18
Q

are receptors that adapt very slowly and generate steady nerve
impulses.

A

Tonic receptors

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19
Q

c receptors generate a burst of action potentials when first stimulated
(on/off type response); they adapt quickly

A

Phasic receptors

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20
Q

– respond to chemicals produced by damage to tissues

A

Nociceptors

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21
Q

Bradykinin (most potent)
 Prostaglandins
 Serotonin
 Histamine

A

most important and common stimulators of somatic pain.

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22
Q
  • Pain can be a sharp, stabbing sensation that occurs very rapidly.
    pain conducted via myelinated fibers
A

Fast

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23
Q

pain can be a longer-lasting, dull, diffuse

sensation. pain conducted unmyelinated fibers

A

slow

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24
Q

pain comes from

stimulation of skin or proprioceptors

A

Somatic

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25
Q

pain due to injury to internal organs

A

visceral

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26
Q

The location that feels pain has somatosensory
fibers coming in along the same dorsal root as visceral sensory fibers from the
affected organ.

A

Referred Pain

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27
Q 
mechanisms for inhibiting nerve signals along pain pathways using
enkephalin neurotransmitters (endogenous opiates) as well as pre-synaptic
inhibition.
A

, spinal gating

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28
Q

chemoreceptors for external sensing

A

Olfaction (smell) & Gustation (taste)

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29
Q

Much of sense of taste

A

olfaction.

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30
Q

smell

A

oflaction

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31
Q

taste

A

Gustation

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32
Q

taste that detects compounds like quinine; GPCR

A

Bitter –

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33
Q

taste that detects H+ ions; open channels in membrane for H+

A

Sour/acid

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34
Q

n distinguish between something like 2000-4000
different chemicals; it does this using about 400 different odorant
receptors.

A

The olfactory system

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35
Q

Structures used for detecting orientation to gravity, as well as movement and
acceleration, key to balance, are

A

the vestibule & semicircular canals.

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36
Q

detects compression waves of molecules in air

A

hearing

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37
Q

(X axis =

A

time

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38
Q

y axis =

A

pressure

39
Q

The height of a peak (trough to peak measure) is its

A

amplitude

40
Q

The number of waves that pass the measuring point in a second is the

A

frequency

41
Q

measured in decibels (dB), the wave generates the volume of the sound.

A

amplitude

42
Q

, a logarithmic scale of the energy in the sound.

A

decibels (dB)

43
Q

of the compression waves generates the pitch of the sound. is measured in cycles per second passing a point in space. This is called
Hertz (Hz).

A

frequency

44
Q

Humans hear from

A

200-10,000 Hz

45
Q

Sound over ___can cause permanent hearing loss if exposed to it for very long

A

90db

46
Q

Sound causes pain around

A

120db

47
Q

sound waves are collected and directed by the outer structures towards the eardrum or ___

A

Tympanic membrane

48
Q

vibration of the eardrum is translated into movement of the ____

A

occicles

49
Q

a membrane covering an opening into the vestibule

A

oval window

50
Q

can tighten the eardrum to reduce the force of

pressure waves in the scala in the cochlea

A

Tensor tympani

51
Q

can reduce stapes movement, also reducing the pressure (volume) of a wave in the scala of the
cochlea.

A

Stapedius

52
Q

protect the ear from loud noises.

A

tympanic reflex

53
Q

used for balance , filled with endolymph

A

semicircular canals

54
Q

full of fluid, perilymph, which flows through the scala vestibuli to the helicotrema

A

the Vestibule

55
Q

are part of the coiled cochlea, which detects sound

A

scala

vestibuli & scala tympani

56
Q

used for balance, are also connected to the vestibule

A

semicircular canals (ducts),

57
Q

In both the cochlea and semicircular canals, there is an additional inner
membranous tunnel or canal filled with

A

endolymph.

58
Q

The movement of the stapes on the oval window sets up a

pressure/compression wave in the perilymph in the

A

Cochlea

59
Q

The vibration of the

basilar membrane will lead to the bending of

A

stereocilia on the surface of the hair

cells in the organ of Corti.

60
Q

The basilar

membrane is stiffer near the

A

round window

61
Q

The basilar

membrane is less stiff near the

A

helicotrema.

62
Q

Light will travel through the

A 
cornea, aqueous humor (anterior chamber), lens,
vitreous body (posterior chamber) and the first 4 layers of the retina
63
Q

the fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. produced by

the ciliary body and reabsorbed into the blood by the scleral venous sinus.

A

Aqueous humor

64
Q

It is a common cause of blindness in the elderly.

A

glaucoma.

65
Q

Light is photons traveling in waves and is part of the

electromagnetic spectrum

A

Light & Vision:

66
Q

Different wavelengths of light are perceived as different colors when they excite the color photoreceptors called

A

cones

67
Q

For ___, light is reflected by the colors (pigments) of the objects you look at.

A

vision

68
Q

The excited photopigments activate, ____ protein

A

G

69
Q

the world has to shrink to the size of the fovea or
macula for phototopic (daytime) vision. Light rays are bent to make this happen;
it’s called

A

refraction

70
Q

occurs when light rays hit something with a

different density

A

refraction

71
Q
  • where optic nerve leaves eyeball; medial to macula; its

presence creates the “blind spot” in the visual field

A

retina

72
Q

center of focus for retina when you look directly

at something;

A

Macula lutea or macula

73
Q

– center of macula; all cones; highest density

A

fovea

74
Q

create black & white vision in dim light creating scotopic (nighttime)
vision; only create a perception of light or no light; they do not help in
perception of color

A

rods

75
Q

– create color vision in bright light creating phototopic (daytime)
vision

A

cones

76
Q

– Refraction at the cornea and the filtering of the pupil combine
with the lens to form a small, focused image on the retina, usually on the fovea
when looking at something. upside down and backwards

A

Image Formation

77
Q

normal, relaxed vision, focused about 20 ft away.

A

Emmetropia

78
Q

– vision focused on a near object. This requires contraction of
muscles attached to the eyeball to rotate both eyes medially so that reflected light
from the near object can strike the fovea of both eyes at the same time

A

Convergence

79
Q

adjusting for near or far vision;includes

convergence, pupil constriction and rounding/thickening the lens for near vision

A

Accommodation

80
Q

hold the lens in place in the eyeball.

A

Suspensory ligaments

81
Q

is a circular muscle within the suspensory ligaments that hold the lens

A

ciliary

muscle

82
Q

when tthe suspensory ligaments stretch out the lens

making it thinner.

A

ciliary muscle relaxes

83
Q

it stretches the suspensory ligaments taking tension off the lens. This
lets the lens get rounder and thicker for near vision

A

When the ciliary muscle contracts

84
Q

is regulated by reflex arcs that can be

stimulated by the amount of light.

A

Pupil size

85
Q

is the overriding

signal except in stress.

A

Light stimulation

86
Q

fibers stimulate pupil constriction, which aids

near vision

A

Parasympathetic fibers

87
Q

fibers stimulate pupil dilation, which can aid

distance vision.

A

Sympathetic fibers

88
Q

; requires bright light to stimulate cones

A

cones

89
Q

exciting red and green cones at the same time can create a

sensation of

A

yellow

90
Q

most of cones are in or near the

A

macula of the retina

91
Q

scotopic vision in dim light.are more densely packed at

the edges of retina, and fewer of them are found near the macula.

A

Rods

92
Q

fuzzy without color, but it does cover a wider field of vision than phototopic
vision.

A

Scotopic vision

93
Q

When the 2
differing images from each retina are brought together in the cortex, your brain
perceives those subtle differences in image positioning on the retinas as distance
or depth.

A

Stereoscopic vision

A&P I (16 decks)

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