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A&P I > Chapter 2- Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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2
Q

The amount of matter in an object

A

Mass

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3
Q

The gravitational force of acting on an object of a given mass

A

Weight

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4
Q

The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties

A

Elements

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5
Q

Smallest part of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element

A

Atom

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6
Q

When 2 or more atoms are joined together by a chemical bond (May be composed of atoms of only one element or may be a compound

A

Molecule

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7
Q

A molecule containing 2 or more elements in combination

A

Compound

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8
Q

Atoms are composed of the following subatomic particles

A
  • Neutrons
  • Protons
  • Electrons
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9
Q

No electrical charge

A

Neutrons

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10
Q

Positive charge

A

Protons

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11
Q

Negative charge

A

Electrons

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12
Q
  • Mass containing part of an atom in its core
  • Formed by protons and neutrons
  • Most of volume of atom occupied by electrons
A

Nucleus

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13
Q

Equal to number of protons in each atom which equals the number of electrons (identifies an individual element)

A

Atomic number

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14
Q

Number of protons plus number of neutrons

A

Mass number

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15
Q

Two of more forms of the same elements with the same number of protons and electrons but different neutron number

A

Isotopes

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16
Q

Average mass of occurring isotopes

A

Atomic Mass

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17
Q

The actual mass of an atom; measured in daltons or atomic mass units

A

Atomic weight

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18
Q

Measure of the number of atoms you have, its used to get the right ratio of atoms when you measure out chemicals or makeup solutions for chemical reactions

A

Mole

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19
Q

Mole

A

6.023 X 10^23

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20
Q

When an atom loses or gains electrons and become charged

A

Ion

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21
Q

Positively charged ion

A

Cation

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22
Q

Negatively charged ion

A

Anion

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23
Q

One atom takes an electron and another atom gives u an electron forming a cation and an anion, the cation and anion are attracted to each other.

A

Ionic bonding

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24
Q

Atoms share electrons as they attempt to fill their electron shells

A

Covalent bonding

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25
Q

Atoms share electron equally , Example O2, Fear water

A

Non-polar compounds

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26
Q

Atoms share electrons unequally, the electrons spend more time with one of the atoms than they do with the other atom

A

Polar compounds

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27
Q

contains carbon atom with the structure

A

Organic compounds

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28
Q

do not contain carbon

A

Inorganic compounds

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29
Q

CaCl2

A

Calcium chloride

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30
Q

Na2HPO4

A

Disodium phosphate

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31
Q

MgCl2

A

Magnesium chloride

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32
Q

KCl

A

Potassium chloride

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33
Q

NaHCO3

A

Sodium bicarbonate

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34
Q

NaCl

A

Sodium chloride

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35
Q

The capacity to do work

A

Energy

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36
Q

Moves matter

A

Work

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37
Q

A measure of molecular motion , more motion=more heat, less motion = less heat, measured by temperature

A

Heat energy

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38
Q

energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released when bonds are broken

A

Chemical bond

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39
Q

energy generated by movement of charged particles due to attraction between opposite charges , a kinetic energy

A

Electrical energy

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40
Q

Doesn’t separate

A

Solution

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41
Q

More; can be liquid or gas

A

Solvent

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42
Q

Less; particles; like salt in saline

A

Solute

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43
Q

Colloid

A

Can change from liquid to gel; usually large proteins; cloudy

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44
Q

Suspension

A

Large particles that separate

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45
Q

H+

A

Acid

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46
Q

OH-

A

Base

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47
Q

The process of forming and breaking chemical bonds

A

Chemical reactions

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48
Q

Occur when atoms come together to form a molecule or simpler molecules from larger ones

A

Synthesis

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49
Q

Occur when molecules are broken up into smaller molecules or atoms

A

Decomposition

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50
Q

Occur when molecules trade atoms of functional groups of atoms with each other resulting in new different molecules

A

Exchange

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51
Q

A reaction that can go both forward and backward indicated with a 2 headed arrow.

A

Reversible

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52
Q

More = faster

A

Concentration

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53
Q

Hotter = faster

A

Temperature

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54
Q

Make reaction go faster by helping bring reactants together

A

Catalysts

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55
Q

Proteins in body that catalyze , not part of reaction, but make it go much faster

A

Enzymes

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56
Q

A chemical reaction stores energy in chemical bonds

A

Endergonic reaction

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57
Q

Chemical reaction releases energy from chemical bond

A

Exergonic reaction

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58
Q

The energy need to start a reaction

A

Activation energy

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59
Q

Anabolism + catabolism

A

Metabolism

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60
Q

Synthesis/endergonic

A

Anabolism

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61
Q

Decomposition/exergonic

A

Catabolism

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62
Q

Gives up electrons and releases energy

A

Oxidation

63
Q

Gains electrons and energy

A

Reduction

64
Q

Common in body

A

Oxidation- reduction (redox) reactions

65
Q

No carbon

- electrolytes (salts)

A

Inorganic

66
Q

Carbon (4 electrons/bonds)

  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleus acids
A

Organic

67
Q

AB > A + B

A

Decomposition

68
Q

A + B > AB

A

Synthesis

69
Q

AB + CD > AC + BD

A

Exchange

70
Q

The atoms/molecules on the left side of the reaction arrow

A

Reactants

71
Q

The atoms/molecules on the right side of the reaction arrow

A

Products

72
Q

Charged areas of the molecule that can be attracted to each other

A

Dipole moments

73
Q

Attraction of water molecules for each other creates a network of hydrogen bonds; things must break the surface to enter water

A

Surface tension

74
Q

Charged particles such as ions and other molecules with some charged areas can easily get between water molecules due to attraction if charged particles ; these molecular interactions will keep the charged particles suspended in the water molecules as an aqueous solution

A

Solutions

75
Q

The thing that is dissolved , you have less of it

A

Solute

76
Q

The thing that a substance is dissolved in , you have more of it. Usually water

A

Solvent

77
Q

Calculated as a % of weight in grams in a 100 mL of water or as a number of miles per liter of water

A

Concentrations

78
Q

Soluble inorganic molecules that ionize when dissolve in water and thus can carry an electrical current

A

Electrolytes

79
Q

Molecules that dissolve easily in water , these will generally be polar compounds , e.g. Sugar

A

Hydrophilic

80
Q

Molecules that do not dissolve in water to any great extent , these will generally be non polar compounds , e.g. Oil

A

Hydrophobic

81
Q

Starches and sugars

A

Carbohydrates

82
Q

Simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

83
Q

2 simple sugars bonded together

A

Disaccharides

84
Q

Many simple sugars bonded together to form a large complex molecule

A

Polysaccharides

85
Q

Monosaccharides examples

A

Glucose , fructose , galactose

86
Q

Disaccharides examples

A

Sucrose , lactose , maltose

87
Q

Polysaccharides examples

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

88
Q

-Major polysaccharide formed in your body , liver and skeletal

-muscle have enzymes needed to make lots of it.
- is the main form of readily accessible energy in the body.
Main stores form of carbohydrate in animals

A

Glycogen

89
Q

Blood sugar - energy source for most cells

A

Glucose

90
Q

Converted to glucose and metabolized

A

Galactose

91
Q

Fruit sugar - converted to glucose and metabolized

A

Fructose

92
Q

Cane sugar - digested to glucose and fructose

A

Sucrose

93
Q

Milk sugar - digested to glucose and fructose

A

Lactose

94
Q

Malt sugar - product if starch digestion, further digested to glucose

A

Maltose

95
Q

Structural polysaccharide of plants, dietary fiber

A

Cellulose

96
Q

Energy storage in plants

A

Starch

97
Q

Energy storage in animal cells ( liver , muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)

A

Glycogen

98
Q

Component of the cell surface coat and mucus, among other roles

A

Glycoprotein

99
Q

Component of the cell surface coat

A

Glycolipid

100
Q

Cell adhesion; lubrication, supportive filler of some tissues and organs

A

Proteoglycan

101
Q

Part of many larger molecules such as triglycerides and phospholipids

A

Fatty acids

102
Q

A type of hormone derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid which is found in cell membranes , prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

A

Eicosanoids

103
Q

Stored fat in animals that is found in adipose tissue

A

Triglycerides

104
Q

Cell membranes

A

Phospholipids and glycolipids

105
Q

Cell membrane; hormones like estrogen and testosterone , bile salts , used to make precursors for vitamin D

A

Cholesterol

106
Q

Aid in digestion

A

Bile acids

107
Q

Used to prevent formation of prostaglandins

A

Aspirin and ibuprofen

108
Q

Many different types, muscle, bone, tendons, ligaments, blood, membranes , and a lot of extracellular matrix

A

Protein

109
Q

Found in high levels inside cells , enzymes and receptors are made from it

A

Protein

110
Q

Made from amino acids hooked together through a covalent bond called peptide bond , formed through removal of Walter molecule (dehydration)

A

Protein

111
Q

Amino acid sequence forming a peptide chanson or polypeptide

A

Primary 1 (structure of proteins)

112
Q

Regular repeating pattern of hydrogen bonds between amino acids in the gain that give particular shapes to part of a protein

A

Secondary 2 (structure of proteins)

113
Q

Folding of the chain which is stabilized by covalent disulfide bonds between cysteine within the chain

A

Tertiary 3 (structure of proteins)

114
Q

Bonding together of multiple chains to form a larger protein

A

Quaternary 4 (structure of protein)

115
Q

Shape of it is critical for its function

A

Protein

116
Q

pH and the presence/absence of particular ions are critical for it to maintain its shape

A

Protein

117
Q

A change that can affect protein shape and integrity

A

Temperature

118
Q

Very important type of protein, speeds up chemical reactions within the body

A

Enzyme

119
Q

Enzymes will typically bond only one particular molecule with a particular shape

A

Specificity

120
Q

When all the enzymes are bound , the reaction will be going as fast as it can adding more substrate won’t make it go any faster at that point

A

Saturation

121
Q

Enzymes can be turned on (activated) and off

A

Regulation

122
Q

Can be critical for enzyme functions by binding to the enzyme and altering its shape

A

Enzyme cofactors

123
Q

Important for shuttling electrons from one enzymatic pathway to another

A

Coenzymes

124
Q

Nucleotides , RNA , DNA, phosphorylated nucleotides

A

Nuclei Acids

125
Q

Nitrogenous base bound to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group (PO4)

A

Nucleotides

126
Q

2 rings

A

Purines

127
Q

Adenine A - hydrogen bonds with T or U

A

Purines

128
Q

DNA and RNA

A

Purines

129
Q

Guanine (G) hydrogen bonds with C

A

Purines

130
Q

One ring

A

Pyrimidines

131
Q

Cytosine (C) hydrogen bonds with G

A

Pyrimidines

132
Q

Thymine (T) (DNA only ) hydrogen bonds with A

A

Pyrimidines

133
Q

Uracil (U) (RNA only) hydrogen bonds with A

A

Pyrimidines

134
Q

Ribose nucleus acid

A

RNA

135
Q

A long string of nucleotides ,

  • all ribose , made by joining the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar of the next nucleotide
  • single stranded
A

RNA

136
Q

Deoxyribose nucleus acid

A

DNA

137
Q

Two long coiled strings of nucleotides , all with deoxyribose, made by joining the phosphate group one nucleotide to the sugar of the next nucleotide to form each string

A

DNA

138
Q

Two string match up to pair A to T or G to C with hydrogen bonding

A

DNA

139
Q

Double stranded , called complementary

A

DNA

140
Q

High energy compounds formed by adding additional phosphate groups to nucleotides ; the bond of each phosphate group has higher energy

A

Phosphorylated nucleotides

141
Q

Adenosine triphosphate , most common form of stored energy. Broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate

A

ATP

142
Q

The second most common “second messenger” molecule

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

143
Q

An enzyme that attaches a phosphate group to a molecule

A

Kinase

144
Q

Removes phosphate groups from molecules

A

Phosphatases

145
Q

A long chan of enzymatic reactions that break down glucose releasing energy, some of which is captured and stored by the formation of ATP

A

Cell respiration

146
Q

3 parts of cell respiration

A

Glycolysis, the Krebs or TCA cycle , and the electron transport chain

147
Q

During glycolysis , glucose is broken down to _____

A

Pyruvate acid

148
Q

Evens occurring in the mitochondria are often referred to as _____

A

Aerobic

149
Q

If oxygen isn’t available , the pyruvic acid must be converted to lactic acid this is known as ____

A

Anaerobic

150
Q

The molecules carrying electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain are

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotude (NAD) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)

151
Q

Type of reaction that breaks down polymers and the water molecule is added back

A

Hydrolysis reaction

152
Q

The checking account of energy storage for the human body

A

Glycogen

153
Q

Removing water as 2 monomers are bonded

A

Dehydration reaction

A&P I (16 decks)

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