Chapter 2- Chemistry of Life Flashcards
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter
The amount of matter in an object
Mass
The gravitational force of acting on an object of a given mass
Weight
The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties
Elements
Smallest part of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element
Atom
When 2 or more atoms are joined together by a chemical bond (May be composed of atoms of only one element or may be a compound
Molecule
A molecule containing 2 or more elements in combination
Compound
Atoms are composed of the following subatomic particles
- Neutrons
- Protons
- Electrons
No electrical charge
Neutrons
Positive charge
Protons
Negative charge
Electrons
- Mass containing part of an atom in its core
- Formed by protons and neutrons
- Most of volume of atom occupied by electrons
Nucleus
Equal to number of protons in each atom which equals the number of electrons (identifies an individual element)
Atomic number
Number of protons plus number of neutrons
Mass number
Two of more forms of the same elements with the same number of protons and electrons but different neutron number
Isotopes
Average mass of occurring isotopes
Atomic Mass
The actual mass of an atom; measured in daltons or atomic mass units
Atomic weight
Measure of the number of atoms you have, its used to get the right ratio of atoms when you measure out chemicals or makeup solutions for chemical reactions
Mole
Mole
6.023 X 10^23
When an atom loses or gains electrons and become charged
Ion
Positively charged ion
Cation
Negatively charged ion
Anion
One atom takes an electron and another atom gives u an electron forming a cation and an anion, the cation and anion are attracted to each other.
Ionic bonding
Atoms share electrons as they attempt to fill their electron shells
Covalent bonding
Atoms share electron equally , Example O2, Fear water
Non-polar compounds
Atoms share electrons unequally, the electrons spend more time with one of the atoms than they do with the other atom
Polar compounds
contains carbon atom with the structure
Organic compounds
do not contain carbon
Inorganic compounds
CaCl2
Calcium chloride
Na2HPO4
Disodium phosphate
MgCl2
Magnesium chloride
KCl
Potassium chloride
NaHCO3
Sodium bicarbonate
NaCl
Sodium chloride
The capacity to do work
Energy
Moves matter
Work
A measure of molecular motion , more motion=more heat, less motion = less heat, measured by temperature
Heat energy
energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released when bonds are broken
Chemical bond
energy generated by movement of charged particles due to attraction between opposite charges , a kinetic energy
Electrical energy
Doesn’t separate
Solution
More; can be liquid or gas
Solvent
Less; particles; like salt in saline
Solute
Colloid
Can change from liquid to gel; usually large proteins; cloudy
Suspension
Large particles that separate
H+
Acid
OH-
Base
The process of forming and breaking chemical bonds
Chemical reactions
Occur when atoms come together to form a molecule or simpler molecules from larger ones
Synthesis
Occur when molecules are broken up into smaller molecules or atoms
Decomposition
Occur when molecules trade atoms of functional groups of atoms with each other resulting in new different molecules
Exchange
A reaction that can go both forward and backward indicated with a 2 headed arrow.
Reversible
More = faster
Concentration
Hotter = faster
Temperature
Make reaction go faster by helping bring reactants together
Catalysts
Proteins in body that catalyze , not part of reaction, but make it go much faster
Enzymes
A chemical reaction stores energy in chemical bonds
Endergonic reaction
Chemical reaction releases energy from chemical bond
Exergonic reaction
The energy need to start a reaction
Activation energy
Anabolism + catabolism
Metabolism
Synthesis/endergonic
Anabolism
Decomposition/exergonic
Catabolism
Gives up electrons and releases energy
Oxidation
Gains electrons and energy
Reduction
Common in body
Oxidation- reduction (redox) reactions
No carbon
- electrolytes (salts)
Inorganic
Carbon (4 electrons/bonds)
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleus acids
Organic
AB > A + B
Decomposition
A + B > AB
Synthesis
AB + CD > AC + BD
Exchange
The atoms/molecules on the left side of the reaction arrow
Reactants
The atoms/molecules on the right side of the reaction arrow
Products
Charged areas of the molecule that can be attracted to each other
Dipole moments
Attraction of water molecules for each other creates a network of hydrogen bonds; things must break the surface to enter water
Surface tension
Charged particles such as ions and other molecules with some charged areas can easily get between water molecules due to attraction if charged particles ; these molecular interactions will keep the charged particles suspended in the water molecules as an aqueous solution
Solutions
The thing that is dissolved , you have less of it
Solute
The thing that a substance is dissolved in , you have more of it. Usually water
Solvent
Calculated as a % of weight in grams in a 100 mL of water or as a number of miles per liter of water
Concentrations
Soluble inorganic molecules that ionize when dissolve in water and thus can carry an electrical current
Electrolytes
Molecules that dissolve easily in water , these will generally be polar compounds , e.g. Sugar
Hydrophilic
Molecules that do not dissolve in water to any great extent , these will generally be non polar compounds , e.g. Oil
Hydrophobic
Starches and sugars
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides
2 simple sugars bonded together
Disaccharides
Many simple sugars bonded together to form a large complex molecule
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides examples
Glucose , fructose , galactose
Disaccharides examples
Sucrose , lactose , maltose
Polysaccharides examples
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
-Major polysaccharide formed in your body , liver and skeletal
-muscle have enzymes needed to make lots of it.
- is the main form of readily accessible energy in the body.
Main stores form of carbohydrate in animals
Glycogen
Blood sugar - energy source for most cells
Glucose
Converted to glucose and metabolized
Galactose
Fruit sugar - converted to glucose and metabolized
Fructose
Cane sugar - digested to glucose and fructose
Sucrose
Milk sugar - digested to glucose and fructose
Lactose
Malt sugar - product if starch digestion, further digested to glucose
Maltose
Structural polysaccharide of plants, dietary fiber
Cellulose
Energy storage in plants
Starch
Energy storage in animal cells ( liver , muscle, brain, uterus, vagina)
Glycogen
Component of the cell surface coat and mucus, among other roles
Glycoprotein
Component of the cell surface coat
Glycolipid
Cell adhesion; lubrication, supportive filler of some tissues and organs
Proteoglycan
Part of many larger molecules such as triglycerides and phospholipids
Fatty acids
A type of hormone derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid which is found in cell membranes , prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Eicosanoids
Stored fat in animals that is found in adipose tissue
Triglycerides
Cell membranes
Phospholipids and glycolipids
Cell membrane; hormones like estrogen and testosterone , bile salts , used to make precursors for vitamin D
Cholesterol
Aid in digestion
Bile acids
Used to prevent formation of prostaglandins
Aspirin and ibuprofen
Many different types, muscle, bone, tendons, ligaments, blood, membranes , and a lot of extracellular matrix
Protein
Found in high levels inside cells , enzymes and receptors are made from it
Protein
Made from amino acids hooked together through a covalent bond called peptide bond , formed through removal of Walter molecule (dehydration)
Protein
Amino acid sequence forming a peptide chanson or polypeptide
Primary 1 (structure of proteins)
Regular repeating pattern of hydrogen bonds between amino acids in the gain that give particular shapes to part of a protein
Secondary 2 (structure of proteins)
Folding of the chain which is stabilized by covalent disulfide bonds between cysteine within the chain
Tertiary 3 (structure of proteins)
Bonding together of multiple chains to form a larger protein
Quaternary 4 (structure of protein)
Shape of it is critical for its function
Protein
pH and the presence/absence of particular ions are critical for it to maintain its shape
Protein
A change that can affect protein shape and integrity
Temperature
Very important type of protein, speeds up chemical reactions within the body
Enzyme
Enzymes will typically bond only one particular molecule with a particular shape
Specificity
When all the enzymes are bound , the reaction will be going as fast as it can adding more substrate won’t make it go any faster at that point
Saturation
Enzymes can be turned on (activated) and off
Regulation
Can be critical for enzyme functions by binding to the enzyme and altering its shape
Enzyme cofactors
Important for shuttling electrons from one enzymatic pathway to another
Coenzymes
Nucleotides , RNA , DNA, phosphorylated nucleotides
Nuclei Acids
Nitrogenous base bound to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group (PO4)
Nucleotides
2 rings
Purines
Adenine A - hydrogen bonds with T or U
Purines
DNA and RNA
Purines
Guanine (G) hydrogen bonds with C
Purines
One ring
Pyrimidines
Cytosine (C) hydrogen bonds with G
Pyrimidines
Thymine (T) (DNA only ) hydrogen bonds with A
Pyrimidines
Uracil (U) (RNA only) hydrogen bonds with A
Pyrimidines
Ribose nucleus acid
RNA
A long string of nucleotides ,
- all ribose , made by joining the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar of the next nucleotide
- single stranded
RNA
Deoxyribose nucleus acid
DNA
Two long coiled strings of nucleotides , all with deoxyribose, made by joining the phosphate group one nucleotide to the sugar of the next nucleotide to form each string
DNA
Two string match up to pair A to T or G to C with hydrogen bonding
DNA
Double stranded , called complementary
DNA
High energy compounds formed by adding additional phosphate groups to nucleotides ; the bond of each phosphate group has higher energy
Phosphorylated nucleotides
Adenosine triphosphate , most common form of stored energy. Broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate
ATP
The second most common “second messenger” molecule
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
An enzyme that attaches a phosphate group to a molecule
Kinase
Removes phosphate groups from molecules
Phosphatases
A long chan of enzymatic reactions that break down glucose releasing energy, some of which is captured and stored by the formation of ATP
Cell respiration
3 parts of cell respiration
Glycolysis, the Krebs or TCA cycle , and the electron transport chain
During glycolysis , glucose is broken down to _____
Pyruvate acid
Evens occurring in the mitochondria are often referred to as _____
Aerobic
If oxygen isn’t available , the pyruvic acid must be converted to lactic acid this is known as ____
Anaerobic
The molecules carrying electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain are
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotude (NAD) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)
Type of reaction that breaks down polymers and the water molecule is added back
Hydrolysis reaction
The checking account of energy storage for the human body
Glycogen
Removing water as 2 monomers are bonded
Dehydration reaction
