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A&P I > Chapter 12 - Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The functional unit of the nervous system is a

A

Neuron

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2
Q

The Nervous system that focus on the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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3
Q

The nervous system that focus on nerves , ganglia, and some sensory structures

A

Peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

Movements that you can control , voluntary or outside

A

Somatic nervous system

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5
Q

uncontrolled responses , involuntary or inside

A

Autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

fight/fright/flight

A

symphathetic

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7
Q

rest, relax, recover, and reproduce

A

Parasympathetic

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8
Q

The division that regulates digestion

A

Enteric

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9
Q

Contains the nucleus and many other organelles

A

Cell body

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10
Q

Receives the information or inputs generally from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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11
Q

carries signals to target cells , sometimes over great distances

A

axon or nerve fiber

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12
Q

where action potentials starts on the cell

A

Hillock or initial segment

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13
Q

the axon sometimes divide into ____

A

Axon collaterals

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14
Q

connects to target cells through synapses

A

Axon terminals

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15
Q

also called the synaptic bouton , is part of the synapse

A

Synaptic knob

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16
Q

Axons that extend for long distances are insulated by specialized cells called

A

Glial cells

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17
Q

Glial cells produce fats and lipoproteins called

A

Myelin

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18
Q

Carry information INTO the CNS

A

Afferent (Sensory) Neurons

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19
Q

Carry information OUT or from the CNS

A

Efferent ( Motor) Neurons

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20
Q

There are more ____ than afferent or efferent

A

Interneurons

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21
Q

carry sensory information that stimulates responses generated by efferents

A

Afferents

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22
Q

Are the neurons inside the CNS that carries signals to one neuron to another neuron

A

Interneurons

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23
Q

internal organs , sense taste ,pain

A

Interoceptors

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24
Q

skin, sense touch, temp, pressure, sight, smell, hearing

A

Exterceptors

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25
Q

muscles , tendons, ligaments, sense, position, and movement of muscles and joints

A

Proprioceptors

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26
Q

has their cell body in the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord

A

Sensory neurons

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27
Q

has their cell body in the spinal cord and the axon goes from the spinal cord to the NMJ

A

Somatic motor neurons

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28
Q

A group of neurons (Cell bodies) outside of the brain or spinal cord in PNS

A

Ganglion

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29
Q

The ANS axon going from the ganglion to the organ or gland it innervates is known as the

A

postganglionic fiber

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30
Q

Collection of cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nucleus

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31
Q

Bundle of axons

A

Tract

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32
Q

Connection between R& L sides

A

Commissure

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33
Q

Collection of cell bodies in the PNS

A

Ganglion

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34
Q

Bundle of axons in the PNS

A

Nerve

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35
Q

Neurons are named based on how many ____ they have extending from the soma

A

Processes

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36
Q

_____ and ____ are usually much larger than bipolar and anaxonic neurons

A

Unipolar and Multipolar

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37
Q

An Axonal transport thats from the soma to terminal

A

Anterograde

38
Q

An axonal transport thats from the terminal to soma

A

Retrograde

39
Q

Kinesin is what axonal transport ?

A

Anterograde

40
Q

dynein is what axonal transport ?

A

Retrograde

41
Q

____ largely carried out in the cell soma

A

Protein synthesis

42
Q

“walk” down microtubules that run the length of axons like railroad tracks carrying materials

A

Molecular motors

43
Q

Can be either fast or slow

A

Axonal transport

44
Q

forms the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocyte

45
Q

the graded potential that occurs on the post synaptic neuron can be either ___ or __

A

EPSP

46
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potential. Depolarizing, help lead to action potential

A

EPSP

47
Q

inhibitory post synaptic potential. Hyper polarizing, prevent action potential

A

IPSP

48
Q

repeated post synaptic potentials coming from one receptor that add up.

A

temporal summation

49
Q

post synaptic potentials coming from multiple receptors that add up.

A

spatial summation

50
Q

When there are few connections that means that there are
few graded potentials. These graded potentials won’t be able to summate and cause an action
potential.

A

facilitation.

51
Q

small peptides or amino acids or compounds formed from amino acids

A

neurotransmitters

52
Q

made from an acetyl group and choline; it is different chemically from other
neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine

53
Q

examples include nitric oxide and carbon monoxide (a gas that can kill in
general circulation but appears to be a neurotransmitter in certain parts of brain)

A

Small gas molecules

54
Q

Amino acid derivatives:

A

Catecholamines and Monoamines

55
Q

(a sub-group of amino acid derivatives) include dopamine,

norepinephrine and epinephrine (also a hormone)

A

Catecholamines

56
Q

are another sub-group of amino acid derivatives. Histamine and serotonin
are monoamines

A

Monoamines

57
Q

examples include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamine

A

Amino Acids:

58
Q

examples include a group of compounds called endogenous opiates. Some of the
endogenous opiates are beta-endorphin and enkephalins.

A

Peptides

59
Q

Most common neuromodulator in CNS
associated with sleep, anxiety, hunger, mood
LSD acts as antagonist

A

Serotonin:

60
Q

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord

 Strychnine acts as antagonist

A

Glycine:

61
Q

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain

 Valium acts as agonist

A

GABA:

62
Q

Most common excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

 MSG acts as agonist

A

Glutamate:

63
Q

Binds to either a nicotinic receptor (ligand gated ion channel) or muscarinic
receptor (G-protein coupled)
 Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that degraded it in synapse
 Usually found at neuromuscular junction and in ANS

A

Acetylcholine

64
Q

Binds to either alpha adrenergic receptor or beta adrenergic receptor
alpha receptor usually causes smooth muscle contraction (constriction of
tubes/vessels)
beta receptor usually causes smooth muscle relaxation (dilation of
tubes/vessels)

A

Norepinephrine

65
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is enzyme that degrades it
 Found in ANS
 Epinephrine uses same receptors

A

Norepinephrine:

66
Q

– bind and activate neurotransmitter receptors

A

Agonists

67
Q

bind and block neurotransmitter receptors

A

Antagonists

68
Q

prevent normal reuptake of a neurotransmitter back into its presynaptic
knob, a normal mechanism to stop signaling at a synapse. Reuptake inhibitors cause
more neurotransmitter to be active and binding its receptors for a longer time once released.
This “strengthens” some synapses by increasing the size of the post-synaptic potentials.

A

Reuptake inhibitors

69
Q

prevent normal enzyme breakdown of a neurotransmitter within the
synaptic cleft. This also means that neurotransmitter is binding to receptors for a longer
period of time. This also “strengthens” some synapses by increasing the size of the postsynaptic
potential.

A

Enzyme inhibitors

70
Q

when one neuron sends signals to many different places.

A

Divergence

71
Q

when lots of signals from different neurons are sent to one neuron

A

Convergence

72
Q

memory you have from seconds to hours. It deals with small changes in synaptic
strength.

A

Working memory –

73
Q

memory you have for weeks to lifetime. Long term potentiation is a mechanism for
long term memory. Through repeated use, the density of receptors is increased on the post synaptic
density, so memories are recalled easier.

A

Long term memory

74
Q

glial cell in the CNS that forms the blood brain barrier and helps shuttle nutrients from blood
to neuron; “cares” for needs of neuron in other ways too “blood barrier”

A

Astrocytes

75
Q

glial cell in the PNS that helps provide nutrients and important chemicals and signals to
neurons; similar to astrocytes.

A

Satellite cells –

76
Q

– glial cell in the CNS that insulates the axon with a myelin sheath. One
oligodendrocyte wraps around one myelinated segment of several different axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

77
Q

glial cell in PNS that insulates axon with myelin sheath. Schwann cells wrap around one
segment of one axon.

A

Schwann cells –

78
Q

glial cells in the CNS that act as macrophages.

A

Microglia

79
Q

line ventricles in the brain and spinal cord. They produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

Ependymal cells

80
Q

The diseases that result in loss of myelin

A

multiple scelerosis and guillian-barre syndrome

81
Q

the portion of the axon still attached to the soma is called

A

the proximal end

82
Q

the portion of the axon that contained the nerve terminals is called

A

the distal end

83
Q

action potential moving down myelinated axon

A

saltatory onduction

84
Q

fat, myelinated axons , fatestest

A

Type A

85
Q

skinny, myelinated axons, slower than A

A

Type B

86
Q

Skinny, unmyelinated axons, slowest

A

Type C

87
Q

they alter response to a neurotransmitter , associated with long term events like learning and etc.

A

Neuromodulators

88
Q

axo-axonic synapses can lead to DECREASE release of neurotransmitters called

A

pre synaptic inhibition

89
Q

axo-axonic synapses can lad to INCREASE release of neurotransmitters called

A

pre- synaptic facilitation

90
Q

ability to modify synaptic strength or to make and maintain new synapses

A

Synaptic plasticity

A&P I (16 decks)

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