Chapter 14- Brain and cranial nerves Flashcards
gyrus =
ridges
sulcus =
folds
fissure =
big divison
the hypothalamus and the thalamus comprise of the
diencephalon
midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata comprise the
brainstem
Cerebral Hemispheres • Cortex (gray matter & white matter) • Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes • Basal ganglia
Cerebrum
dura mater =
superficial
pia mater=
bound tightly to brain
filled with serous fluid or a sinus for blood;
between dura mater and arachnoid mater
subdural space
filled with CSF; between arachnoid
mater and pia mater
subarchanoid mater
The brain, in fact, is
floating within the skull, and is cushioned & protected by
cerebrospinal fluid
CSF
CSF is formed by the
ependymal
cells,
majority of the CSF is made by the ____ located in the ventricles
choroid plexus
Motor patterns,
personality, motivation
frontal lobe
– Pre-central gyrus =
primary motor cortex
– Touch
& proprioception
parietal lobe
post central gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
– Hearing,
gravity, acceleratio
temporal lobe
Vision
occipital lobe
a thin layer of
gray matter at the surface of the cerebrum.
cortex
motor control and higher thought
•Anterior to central sulcus
– sensory processing
Posterior to central sulcus –
initiative, conscience, morality, judgment,
speech, motor control
•Frontal lobe
The gyrus on the medial surface of each
hemisphere that is
immediately superior to the corpus callosum. This actually lies
deep within the longitudinal fissure.
•Cingulate Gyrus
somatomotor signals sent to spinal cord (in the frontal lobe)
•Precentral gyrus –
– somatosensory is located in what lobe
parietal
vison is located in what lobe
occipital lobe
taste, integrating visceral sensory information; may aid in understanding spoken language; this lobe is deep to the lateral sulcus and underneath part of the frontal and parietal lobes
insala
Most of the incoming or
outgoing connections of cortex to other brain areas occur in
layers
III OR IV
the basis for the division of areas of cortex into numbered parts
called
Brodmann areas.
A figure that shows the areas of the body that
particular parts of the gyrus receive input from, and also
indicates the amount of cortex devoted to that area with
proportional sizing of the body part, is called a
homunculus
What primary cortex has information from the skin and body
comes through the thalamus to the postcentral gyrus
Somatoensory
The initiation of speech occurs in
Broca’s area
Understanding spoken
language occurs in
Wernicke’s area
. Understanding written language requires
Wernicke’s
area, visual cortex (both primary and association), and an
intersection area in a region known as the angular gyrus.
Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas will be
located only in the ___ hemisphere
left
These connect primary cortex (sensory or
motor) to the memories needed for that sense (vision,
hearing, language) or for that motor activity (motor patterns
for motor memory aka muscle memory
association tracts.
It projects through most of the
cortex and helps to regulate the general state of arousal and
attention in the brain
reticular activating
system (RAS) in the brainstem.
a
functional designation. It consists of several different
anatomical areas of the brain including parts of the thalamus
and hypothalamus.
the limbic system
is involved in learning & memory and emotions. It has
close ties with the olfactory system.
The limbic
system
These nuclei are involved
in control of motor functions. these nuclei will relay
and “fine-tune” some of the motor outputs from the primary
motor cortex. Parkinson’s disease
The Basal Nuclei.
“routing” or relay station for
sensory information coming into the cerebrum and going to
the cortex.
thalamus
regulates reproduction (physiology &
libido), activity/rest, sleep/wake, thirst/hydration,
satiety/hunger, stress perception and response, salt craving,
and body temperature. also a key component of the
system of the brain that regulates emotion, and emotional
memory.
hypothalmus
may
influence sleep-wake
cycle
• Epithalamus (aka
pineal gland)
Integral part of auditory pathways in CNS
– Reticular activating system (RAS) origin (alertness)
– Motor coordination
– Reward and addiction
Midbrain
– Sleep and respiratory center
Pons
– Regulates: Heart rate, blood vessel diameter,
respiration, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping,
coughing, sneezing, sweating (ANS output)
– Decussations: pyramids, medial lemniscus
Medulla oblongata or medulla
responsible for
balance and posture, some types of memory, locomotion, attention &
memory
Cerebellum
is a
characteristic brain EEG pattern associated with some loss of
consciousness
sleep
events, poems,
etc. (what you normally think of as
memory)
Declarative or Explicit
memory of how
to do things, e.g. ride a bike
Procedural or Implicit
is critical for forming
new declarative memories.
hippocampus
– inability to form
new memory
Anterograde amnesia
inability to recall old
memories
Retrograde amnesia –
helps
strengthen the “map” to where an individual memory is
stored.
Accessing memories (thinking about it)
are stored in the
hippocampus and other temporal lobe structures.
short-term memories
stored in many diffuse locations in
association cortex.
longterm
memories
What is the function of cranial nerve I
Sensory and smell
cranial nerve II
Sensory and vision
cranial nerve III
Motor and eye muscles
Cranial nerve IV
Motor and eye muscles
Cranial nerve V
Both and face and chewing muscles
cranial nerves VI
motor and eye muscles( lateral rectus)
cranial nerve VII
both and taste and facial muscles
cranial nerve VIII
sensory and hearing and balance
cranial nerve IX
both and taste and tongue sensation/swallowing
cranial nerve X
both and visceral sensory and parasympathetic output
cranial nerve XII
motor and swallowing / neck and shoulders
cranial nerve XII
motor and tongue movement
