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A&P I > Chapter 5 - Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Histology Flashcards

1
Q

the study of tissues

A

Histology

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2
Q

Composed of cells,fluids, & extracellular matrix.

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Composed of fibers (proteins) and other solid materials between the cell

A

Extracellular matrix

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4
Q

Covers surfaces,lines tubes, or cavities or forms glands. (outside)

A

Epithelial Tissue

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5
Q

Fills space, connects tissue. (Solidly like membranes of adipose tissue or via transport like blood. Supports bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

A

Connective Tissue

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6
Q

Contracts and moves; either causes you to move like skeletal muscle or moves stuff like the heart or like smooth muscle in the intestines

A

Muscle tissue

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7
Q

Neuron and nerves and cells that support, carries information as electrical signals

A

Neural Tissue

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8
Q

Water-tight barriers between cells, found in epithelial layers and important in forming the blood-brain and blood-testis barriers

A

Tight Junctions

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9
Q

Specialized for maintaining cell-cell. found between heart cells and skin cells; aids anchoring cells to basement membrane or basil lamina

A

Demosomes

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10
Q

Specialized for electrical connection between cells, seen between some neurons, heart cells, and some smooth muscle cells

A

Gap Junctions

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11
Q

Skin, lining of stomach, intestines, trachea, lungs, and glands

A

Examples of epithelial tissue

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12
Q

The side of the basement membrane

A

Basil or basolateral surface

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13
Q

side facing a lumen of a tube or cavity or facing the outside of the body

A

Apical surface

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14
Q

layer that divides a lot to constantly renew this layer of cells

A

Germinal or stem cells

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15
Q

one layer

A

simple

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16
Q

more than one layer

A

stratified

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17
Q

looks like more than one layer but its not

A

Pseudo-stratified

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18
Q

cube-shaped cells

A

Cuboidal

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19
Q

cells shaped like columns/Rectangles

A

Columnar

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20
Q

Flattened cells

A

Squamous

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21
Q
  • Protect (cover and line)
  • Control permeability
  • Sensation
  • secretion
A

Functions of epithelial

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22
Q

Releases substance (Hormone) directly INTO the blood or interstitial fluid.

A

Endocrine

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23
Q

Secrete substance through ducts onto skin or into the lumen of some passageway within the body

A

Exocrine

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24
Q

Saliva, digestive acids, and enzymes, and ilk from mammary glands

A

Examples of exocrine

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25
Q

exocytosis of a secretory vesicle filled with secretion, most hormones, also mucin that combines with water to make mucus

A

Merocrine

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26
Q

The apical side of the cell becomes filled with secretion and then breaks off and releases secretion; milk in mammary glands is an example

A

Apocrine

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27
Q

Cells accumulate secretions and then burst; usually stratified; top layer of cells is shed, and lower layers pushed up as they mature; example -sebaceous glands (Stratified squamous)

A

Holocrine

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28
Q

classified by how many ducts the glands has

A

Exocrine glands

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29
Q

One main duct

A

Simple

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30
Q

There are multiple areas of glandular cells secreting into one main ducts

A

Branched

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31
Q

classified by the shape of the gland in cross section

A

Exocrine glands

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32
Q

Multiple ducts branching off the main ducts

A

Compound

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33
Q

shaped like a tube, the glands may also be coiled

A

Tubular

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34
Q

shaped like a teardrop or pear; these are also known as acinar

A

Alveolar

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35
Q

thin, watery glands

A

Serous glands

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36
Q

think, viscous glands

A

mucous glands

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37
Q

Connects other types of tissues in the body , includes the reticular layer underneath all epithelial tissue as well as bone, fat, ligaments, tendons and blood

A

Connective tissue

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38
Q

Adipose and reticular tissues

A

Loose connective tissue proper

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39
Q

Ligaments and tendons

A

Dense connective tissue proper

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40
Q

Blood

A

Fluid

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41
Q

Bone and cartilage

A

Supporting connective tissue proper

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42
Q

Looser networks of fiber with more ground substance and some cells

A

Loose connective tissue

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43
Q

Dense networks of fiber with little ground substance and varying numbers of cells

A

Dense connective tissue

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44
Q

Always found in connective tissue proper, secretes proteins to form fiber sand make ground substance viscous through secretion of hyaluronan and proteins

A

Fibroblast

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45
Q

Large immune system cells that can move like an amoeba and eat pathogens or dead cells through phagocytosis, have critical role in triggering immune system response

A

Macrophages

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46
Q

Fat cells ; they make triglycerides and store them in a huge lipid Droplet that often fills most of the cell

A

Adipocytes

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47
Q

Stem cells that divide to produce the other cell types

A

Mesenchymal cells

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48
Q

Circulate in the blood part of the immune system

A

Monocytes

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49
Q

Cells that make the brown-black pigment melanin ; while more abundant in skin , they are also present in some connective tissues

A

Melanocytes

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50
Q

Immune system cells full of histamine and heparin; these cells release it during inflammation

A

Mast cells

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51
Q

Immune system cells that stimulate production of or actually produce antibodies ; some lymphocytes also can serve to trigger fealty or destruction of infected cells

A

Lymphocytes

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52
Q

Immune system cell, can phagocytose but smaller than macrophages

A

Microphages

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53
Q

Fibrous protein; very abundant; very strong

A

Collagen fibers

54
Q

Thinner than Collagen fibers ; form networks ; tough but flexible

A

Reticular fibers

55
Q

Made from elastin; stretchy and return to original shape

A

Elastic fibers

56
Q

Found in skin, lungs, blood vessels , the heart wall

A

Elastic fibers

57
Q

Fluid with proteoglycans and glycoproteins ( combo of sugar and protein) very thick

A

Ground substance

58
Q

The loose connective tissue that attaches skin to tissues underneath such as muscle ; lots of ground substance and a loose network of fibers with lots of elastic fibers and some capillaries and all the cell types listed above for connective tissue paper ; also wraps around and cushions most organs

A

Areolar tissue

59
Q

Important component of cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulfate

60
Q

Areolar tissue with lots of adipocytes and less matrix. Most of the tissue is white fat and in children and infants the fat pads are brown fat . Ability to generate heat through activity of mitochondrial enzymes and Ana/K atp pump

A

Adipose tissue

61
Q

Critical for immune system and blood ; found in spleen , liver , lymph nodes, bone marrow ; network of reticular fibers ; often with many cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes

A

Reticular tissue

62
Q

White fat

A

Energy storage

63
Q

Brown fat

A

Heat production

64
Q

Densely packed bundles of parallel collagen fibers ; ligaments , tendons and aponeurosis

A

Dense regular connective tissue

65
Q

Lots of interwoven fibers that form a strong dense network; these form joint capsules , capsules around organs ; sheaths around bone and cartilage

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

66
Q

It has lots of elastic fibers and helps stabilize vertebrae of the spinal column , is a connective tissue

A

Elastic tissue

66
Q

Blood and lymph

A

Fluid connective tissue

67
Q

Accounts for most of the cells , around half the volume of blood is due to it

A

Red blood cell or erythrocyte

68
Q

Immune system cells

A

White blood cells or leukocyte

69
Q

Cell fragments important for clotting

A

Platelets

70
Q

Interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels in the tissue. It’s important for immune system function

A

Lymph

71
Q

A network of colleges fibers that is mineralized by deposition of calcium salts onto the collagen fibers

A

Bone

72
Q

Cells trapped in the middle of the bone

A

Osteocytes

73
Q

The later of membrane and cells that wraps around the outside of the bone tissue

A

Periosteum

74
Q

Spaces where osteocytes are trapped

A

Lucunae

75
Q

Small tunnels in the bone matrix

A

Canaliculi

76
Q

Gel made of chondroitin sulfate as well as fibers form the matrix

A

Cartilage

77
Q

Cells trapped in the matrix

A

Chondrocytes

78
Q

Layer of membrane and cells that wraps around the outside of the cartilage

A

Perichondrium

79
Q

Occurs mostly during growth and development, there is minor appositional growth of cartilage in mature adults, there there is very limited ability to repair damaged cartilage in adults

A

Growth of cartilage

80
Q

Crystallized calcium phosphate salt that mineralized bone

A

Hydroxyapatite

81
Q

Growth from the inside ; chondrocytes divide and form new matrix between themselves

A

Interstitial growth

82
Q

Cells from the perichondrium divide and differentiate to form new chondrocytes which add matrix at the outer surface of the cartilage

A

Appositional growth

83
Q

Collagen fibers and chondroitin sulfate ; fibers not really visible in light microscope ; found at synovial joints , nose and articulate surfaces of bones

A

Hyaline cartilage

84
Q

Elastic fibers on matrix ; flexible ; found in ear and in a few parts of larynx

A

Elastic cartilage

85
Q

Densely interwoven collagen fibers and little ground substance ; very tough , found in places that get a lot of compression. Spinal vertebrae , between pubic bones , knee

A

Fibrocartilage

86
Q

Like passageways and chambers that communicate with the exterior ; must stay moist and help protect from infection ; secretes mucus

A

Mucous membranes

87
Q

Digestive , respiratory reproductive and urinary

A

Examples of mucous membranes

88
Q

Membrane that lines the cavity and the organs in the cavities

A

Serous membrane

89
Q

Pleura

A

Lungs

90
Q

Peritoneum

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

91
Q

Pericardium

A

Heart

92
Q

Lines the organ

A

Visceral

93
Q

Lines the cavity

A

Parietal

94
Q

Skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

95
Q

Membranes that line the joint cavity zig a synovial joint ; this membrane forms synovial fluid

A

Synovial membrane

96
Q

Connective tissue that holds different body parts together

A

Fascia

97
Q

Also known as the hypodermics ; holds skin and underlying organs together , areolar and adipose tissue

A

Superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer

98
Q

Tough covering around organs , cartilage and body , forms organ capsules , perichondrium and periosteum. Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Deep fascia

100
Q

Lies between deep fascia and serous membrane ; help seperate these two layers

A

Subserous fascia

100
Q

Attracted to bones and causes voluntary movement of body parts

A

Skeletal muscle

101
Q

Has organized banding pattern in light microscope slide

A

Striated

102
Q

The heart; pumps blood around vessels

A

Cardiac muscle

103
Q

No visible banding pattern; also known as smooth muscle

A

Unstriated

104
Q

Cells that carry electrical signals

A

Neurons

105
Q

Cells that support the neurons , there are many types of neurolglial cells

A

Neuroglia

106
Q

Smaller processes that receive informs from other neurons

A

Dendrites

107
Q

Cell body of neural tissue

A

Soma

108
Q

Large process that carries electrical signal in the form of an action potential; signals are carried long distances on axons , also called nerve fibers

A

Axon

109
Q

Response to injury or damage tissue

A

Inflammation

110
Q

Due to increase blood flow

A

Redness and warmth

111
Q

Due to vascular changes that increase formation of interstitial fluid but block removal of that fluid through blood or lymph vessels

A

Swelling

112
Q

Due to realizes of particular chemical signals from damaged cells and immune system cells in the tissue

A

Pain

113
Q

Cell division

A

Hyperplasia

114
Q

Enlargement of cells

A

Hypertrophy

115
Q

Tumor development

A

Neoplasia

116
Q

Can divide and differentiate

A

Stem cell

117
Q

Process of specializing

A

Differentiation

118
Q

Ability to differentiate

A

Plasticity

119
Q

Totals plasticity

A

Totipotent

120
Q

Can become multiple cell types

A

Multi potent

121
Q

Loss of cell size and number tissue

A

Atrophy

122
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

123
Q

Tissue death

A

Necrosis

124
Q

Slow tissue death due to O2 lack

A

Gangrene

125
Q

Debris from dead cells and damaged tissue

A

Pus

126
Q

Walled off pocket of pus

A

Access

127
Q

A type of chemical messenger , key chemicals triggering inflammation

A

Prostaglandins

128
Q

Formation of new tissue to replace damaged tissue

A

Regeneration

129
Q

Formed when fibroblasts move into an area of damaged tissue and form a dense network of collagen fibers

A

Scar tissue

A&P I (16 decks)

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