Chapter 15 - ANS

Question 1

skeletal muscles
– Skeletal muscle
– Conscious and reflex movement
– Skeletal muscle contracts with nerve stimulation (only stimulation of targets)
– One synapse from CNS to target

Answer 1

Somatic

Question 2

viscera (internal organs)
– Smooth & cardiac muscle, and glands
– Unconscious regulation & reflexes
– Target tissues stimulated or inhibited with nerve stimulation
– Two synapses from CNS to target

Answer 2

• Autonomic

Question 3

Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine

– Receptor: Nicotinic cholinergic

Answer 3

Somatic

Question 4

Neurotransmitters: Acetycholine & Norepinephrine (also epinephrine – hormone)
– Receptors: Nicotinic & muscarinic cholinergic; α & β adrenergic

Answer 4

Autonomic

Question 5

“fight/fright/flight”

Answer 5

Sympathetic division

Question 6

Increase heart activity
– Shift blood flow
– to skeletal muscles & heart,
– away from kidney & digestive organs,
– maintain flow to brain
– Focus on distance

Answer 6

Sympathetic responses

Question 7

“relax and live” or “rest and digest” or “relax/rest/connect”

Answer 7

Parasympathetic division

Question 8

Slow down heart
– Digest food
– Make urine
– Shift focus to near objects like baby in arms

Answer 8

Parasympathetic responses

Question 9

a nervous system within the digestive tract;

Answer 9

Enteric nervous system

Question 10

digestive tract coordination & regulation
• both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions connect to it
• spinal and brainstem parasympathetic and sympathetic reflex arcs help regulate enteric
system
• contains internal reflex arcs with ganglia in digestive tract to coordinate digestive activity

Answer 10

Enteric nervous system

Question 11

neurotransmitter acetylcholine released onto

nicotinic cholinergic receptor for both

Answer 11

Motor neuron to ganglionic neuron (pre-ganglionic)

Question 12

norepinephrine onto adrenergic receptor

Answer 12

Sympathetic

Question 13

acetylcholine onto muscarinic cholinergic receptor

Answer 13

Parasympathetic

Question 14

adrenergic receptors will cause smooth muscle contraction or inhibition

Answer 14

α

Question 15

adrenergic receptors will cause smooth muscle relaxation or stimulation

Answer 15

β

Question 16

in brainstem and spinal cord control much of the minute to minute
activity of visceral organs, glands, and blood vessels

Answer 16

Autonomic reflexes

Question 17

influence autonomic reflex activity.

Answer 17

• The hypothalamus and higher brain centers

Question 18

influence activities of enteric nervous system

through autonomic reflexes

Answer 18

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 19

can function independently of CNS through local reflexes
• Typically inputs from cerebral cortex or other limbic structures influence ANS centers in the
hypothalamus.

Answer 19

Enteric nervous system

Question 20

send fibers to the brainstem areas (midbrain, pons,

or medulla) to influence pattern generating or regulatory centers for many functions.

Answer 20

The hypothalamic centers

Question 21

limbic system structures (ties to emotion) typically connect to
hypothalamus

Answer 21

Cerebral Cortex

Question 22

coordinates ANS outputs with satiety/hunger, salt craving, thirst,
libido, biological clock and other cycles, etc.; outputs sent from hypothalamus to
brainstem areas

Answer 22

Hypothalamus

Question 23

into regulatory centers here (heart, breathing, salivary

glands, GI secretions, bladder control, pupil constriction/dilation, etc.)

Answer 23

Hypothalamus input

Question 24

is affected by ANS centers in the
hypothalamus and influences ANS output centers in the cortex and
hypothalamus

Answer 24

Reticular formation (RAS)

Question 25

for regulation of many ANS outputs along cranial nerves

Answer 25

Brainstem reflex arcs

Question 26

reflex arcs regulate the following and more:
• Urination
• Defecation
• Erection
• Ejaculation

Answer 26

Spinal cord

Question 27

– regulated by having more or less sympathetic signal sent to the smooth
muscle; said to have sympathetic tone

Answer 27

Blood vessels

Question 28

– regulates glucose release from glycogen

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

regulates release of fatty acids from triglyceride breakdown

Answer 29

Adipose cells

Question 30

– regulates release of an enzyme called renin

Answer 30

Kidney