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A&P I > Chapter 11- Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Muscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

When there is a little bit of spring back of a muscle when contraction stops

A

Elastic Recoil

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2
Q

Thick filaments are larger and composed of ?

A

Myosin

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3
Q

Thin filaments are smaller and contains ?

A

Actin

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4
Q

A filamentous protein with elastic properties that helps to hold the thick and thin filaments together, also helps to attach them to the z discs and M lines.

A

Titan

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5
Q

Another important protein in skeletal muscle that helps attach the z lines of the sarcoma to scarcolemma via additional linking proteins

A

Dystrophin

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6
Q

The linking proteins, including dystrophin, are collectively called

A

Costameres

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7
Q

From one z-line to z-line is called ?

A

Sarcomere

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8
Q

The backbone of the thin filament is

A

G-actin

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9
Q

The long strands formed by the chain of balls is called

A

Filamentous actin (F-actin)

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10
Q

A protein that lies along the outside of the double-strand of F actin and covers up the myosin binding site on the G-actin molecules.

A

Tropomyosin

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11
Q

A protein that is a large globular protein with multiple sub units that is attached to the Tropomyosin and to the actin

A

Troponin

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12
Q

Controls the position of tropomyosin relative to the myosin binding site on the actin

A

Troponin

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13
Q

Composed of 2 heavy chains that coil to form the tail of the molecule and globular heads composed of parts of the heavy chains and 4 light chains

A

Myosin

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14
Q

Where thick filaments are

A

A band

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15
Q

Where thin filaments are not

A

H zone

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16
Q

Where thick filaments are not

A

I band

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17
Q

Contains ATP binding sites of this ATPase enzyme as well as the site that binds to actin

A

Myosin head

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18
Q

F Actin=

A

Chains

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19
Q

G- Actin =

A

Balls that form double strand

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20
Q

The movement of myosin heads towards the M-line while attached to actin

A

Power-stroke

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21
Q

The movement of of myosin heads towards the z-lines while unattached from actiin

A

Recovery stroke

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22
Q

During power stroke, what is released from the myosin ?

A

ADP

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23
Q

The magical ingredient that makes the actin binding site available

A

Calcium

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24
Q

Thin filaments overlap thick filaments, bringing z lines closer to m-lines as the i bands and h zones get smaller, shortening the sarcomere

A

Sliding filament theory

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25
Q

stiffness of death, the phenomenon used in forensics to help pinpoint time of death if a body is discovered within hours of dying

A

Rigor Mortis

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26
Q

The ____ becomes leaky long before the thin and thick filaments begin to break down

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

Breaks the bond between myosin and actin

A

binding of ATP

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28
Q

Consist of one spinal motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

A

Motor unit

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29
Q

Are stimulated to contract by nerves

A

Muscle fibers

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30
Q

causes release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

A

Action Potential

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31
Q

Binding of the neurotransmitter to a receptor on the muscle cell stimulates

A

Cell contraction

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32
Q

The NMJ of The Synaptic knob contains secretory vesicles of the neurotransmitter

A

Acetylocholine

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33
Q

Action potential causes ____ to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the muscle cell

A

Ca++

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34
Q

The action potential thats in the nerve and the muscle cell

A

action Potential

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35
Q

Depolarization of the transverse tubules leads to opening of ____ on the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium channels

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36
Q

When action potentials stop coming down the nerve, _____ on the motor end plate breaks down acetylcholine and closes the nicotinic cholinerigic Na+ channel

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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37
Q

As calcium levels drop, calcium will fall off of

A

Troponin

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38
Q

Comes from plants from south africa that binds nicotinic cholinergic receptor irreversibly and blocks receptor

A

Curare

39
Q

” botox” , destoys SNARE proteins that help with release of ACh secretory vesicle, produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum.

A

Botulinum toxin

40
Q

Helps to maintain muscle tone by sending occasional action potentials leading to partial contraction of muscles

A

CNS

41
Q

A response of single fiber to a single action potential

A

Twitch

42
Q

The period where the interval between the action potential and the beginning of tension development

A

Latent period

43
Q

The phase where The time required for full tension to develop

A

Contraction phase

44
Q

The phases where time required for tension to fall to resting level

A

Relaxation Phase

45
Q

(Contraction Strength of Twitches) Higher frequency =

A

stronger

46
Q

(CSof T) Higher Ca++ =

A

Stronger

47
Q

(CSofT) Length - tension relationship =

A

strongest

48
Q

(CsofT) Warmed up =

A

stronger

49
Q

(CsofT) Acidic pH =

A

Weaker

50
Q

(CsofT) Dehydration =

A

Weaker

51
Q

More APs occur before contraction is over , strength of contraction increases due to continued Ca++ availability

A

Summation

52
Q

Repetitive stimulation (APs)

A

Tetanus

53
Q

unfused or incomplete tetanus

A

Low frequency

54
Q

Fused or complete tetanus

A

High frequency

55
Q

failure of concentration after repeated stimulation at high frequency

A

Fatigue

56
Q

Calcium pumps on the ??

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

Na/K+ pumps on ???

A

Sarcolemma

58
Q

Muscle cells have a small supply of oxygen because of the presence of a protein called

A

myoglobin

59
Q

Creatine kinase and Myokinase are from what system ??

A

Phosphagen system

60
Q

Found in most muscle cells, its release can signal muscle damage

A

Creatine Kinase

61
Q

The loss of contractility after repeated stimulation

A

Muscle fiber fatigue

62
Q

Fiber fatigue is associated with reduced ____ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium

63
Q

Progressive weakness and loss of contractility

A

Fatigue - muscle/body

64
Q

Sprinter tend to have a more ___ fiber types in their legs

A

Glycolytic

65
Q

Marathon runners tend to have a ____ fibers in their legs

A

Type 1

66
Q

A protein that gives oxidative fibers a red appearance

A

Myoglobin

67
Q

Low myosin , high oxidative capacity , slow oxidative fibers

A

Type I

68
Q

High myosin , high oxidative capacity , intermediate speed , fast oxidative - gylcolytic

A

Type IIa

69
Q

Highest myosin, high glycolytic , fastest speed

A

Type IIx or IIb

70
Q

Fibers that are the largest in diameter

A

Fast glycolytic fibers

71
Q

Fibers that are the smallest fibers

A

Slow oxidative fibers

72
Q

Enlargement of muscle cells with use

A

Hypertrophy

73
Q

Muscle wasting or shrinkage from lack of use

A

Atrophy

74
Q

One neuron in a spinal cord and all the muscle fibers inner aged and controlled by that neuron

A

Motor unit

75
Q

Neuron and muscle cells work together as a ___

A

Single unit

76
Q

Resting tension in a while muscle is known as ___

A

Muscle tone

77
Q

A phenomenon of whole muscle however not of individual muscle fibers

A

Motor unit recruitment

78
Q

Recruitment is also called

A

Motor unit summation

79
Q

Is the major way of controlling the tension generated by a muscle as whole to generate more or less tension as need

A

Recruitment

80
Q

The muscle cells that Have a single nucleus but are branched , joined with demos ones and gap junctions at intercalated discs

A

Cardiac muscle cells

81
Q

The muscles that Ca+ comes from the EVF rather than SR

A

Smooth muscle

82
Q

myosin in smooth muscle is activated by

A

Phosphorylation

83
Q

Which muscle Has dense bodies instead of Z lines ?

A

Smooth muscle

84
Q

In smooth muscle , Multi unit muscle , each cell is ____

A

Innervated

85
Q

In single unit smooth muscle, the nerve has ___ that function like nerve termina ls

A

Varicositites

86
Q

Single unit smooth muscle cells are electrically connected via ____

A

Gap junctions

87
Q

Much of smooth muscle is ____ unit muscle

A

Single unit

88
Q

The nervous system that innervates smooth muscle regulates involuntary things are called

A

Autonomic nervous system

89
Q

The muscle cell that do not have a motor end plate , but instead receptors for the neurotransmitters are scattered over the cell. What is this called ?

A

Diffuse junction

90
Q

The myosin light chains are phosphorylated by the enzyme ____

A

Myosin light chain kinase

91
Q

The enzyme , myosin light chain kinase, is turned on by the action of ___

A

Calmodulin

92
Q

Once a action potential happens in smooth muscle, the Ca++ voltage channel opens in the ___

A

Sarcolemma , Cell membrane

93
Q

A particular type of muscular dystrophy , due to a genetic mutation in the gene coding for the protein dystrophin that connects the muscle cell to the cytoskeleton to the sarcolemma and to the endomysium

A

Duchenne’s muscular dystophy

94
Q

Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the aceylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction leading to their progressive loss over time

A

Myathesnia

A&P I (16 decks)

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