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A&P I > Chapter 3/4 - Cells and DNA > Flashcards

Chapter 3/4 - Cells and DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Actin; help form terminal web near inner leaflet of cell membrane

A

Microfilaments

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2
Q

Protein composition varies; strengthen, stabilize and give shape

A

Intermediate filaments

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3
Q

Hollow tubes built from tubuljn , extend outward from centriole. Serve as guide wires for molecular motors transporting. Used to form microvilli , centrioles , and cilia

A

Microtubules

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4
Q

Composed of myosin and only found in muscle cells

A

Thick filaments

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5
Q

Small finger shaped projections, typically found on an epithelial cell. Increases surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

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6
Q

Important for cell division, formed by 9 microtubules triplets. Helps form spindle apparatus during mitosis

A

Centrioles

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7
Q

Long finger like dyein arms that’s on top the cell surface to move mucus and particles

A

Cilia

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8
Q

Make proteins, part RNA/ part protien. Can be small/large. Can be fixed/free

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

Organelles that break down proteins in a cell. Usually damaged or abnormal proteins ; important in immune system

A

Proteasome

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10
Q

Set of membranous tubes , near nucleus , where things are synthesized, stored, and transported. 2 types rough and smooth

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Where lipids and carbs are synthesized, also stores Ca within cell

A

Smooth ER

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12
Q

Where proteins and peptides are synthesized, transports vesicles pinch off from RER to go the the golgi

A

Rough ER

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13
Q

Packaging center

1. Modified and packaged proteins for excoytosis or use within cytosol

A

Golgi

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14
Q

Vesicles of enzymes to help break things down within a cell. Important for recycling

A

Lysosomes

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15
Q

Vesicles of enzymes that are smaller than lysosomes and not made by the golgi. Breaks down fatty acids and other organic. Produce hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisome

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16
Q

Makes atp , has inner and outer membranes. Matrix and cristae

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

Vesicles that are packaged for exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicles

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18
Q

Enzyme packed for use w/in cell

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

Occurs in the cytoplasm

A

Glycolysis

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20
Q

Breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid , requires no oxygen

A

Glycolysis

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21
Q

Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

A

TCA cycle

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22
Q

Can be activated by receptors

A

G protien

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23
Q

DNA that is not supercooled , found in nucleus, can be used for making RNA

A

Chromatin

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24
Q

Supercooled DNA, coiled chromatin

A

Chromosome

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25
Q

One half of a chromosome

A

Chromatid

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26
Q

End of a chromatid/chromatin

A

Telomere

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27
Q

Particular version of a gene

A

Allele

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28
Q

Location along chromosome

A

Locus

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29
Q

The copy of DNA folding sequence from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A

mRNA

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30
Q

Pieces of RNA that combine with small proteins to for the ribosomes

A

rRNA

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31
Q

Cloverleaf shaped pieces of RNA that can bind amino acids on one end of the molecule

A

tRNA

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32
Q

The process of copying a piece of DNA into a piece of mRNA

A

Transcription

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33
Q

The process of translating the sequence of bases in the strand of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids

A

Translation

34
Q

Where does transcription take place

A

Cytoplasm

35
Q

Cells burst, fluid going inside a cell

A

Hypotonic

36
Q

Cells shrivel , fluid going out of a cell

A

Hypertonic

37
Q

Fluid doesn’t go in or out

A

Isotonic

38
Q

Combo of proteins and rna

A

Splicosomes

39
Q

Transcription of Genes regulated by small molecules , mostly proteins

A

Transcription regulatory factors

40
Q

Dispersal of solute throughout water. Move away from highest concentration to lowest

A

Diffusion

41
Q

Difference in concentration

A

Diffusion gradient or concentration gradient

42
Q

The movement of water through a membrane. Water flows to low concentration to high

A

Osmosis

43
Q

The force generated by difference in somatic concentration that pulls water through a membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

44
Q

The forces that pushes against a fluid

A

Hydrostatic pressure

45
Q

Small lipids molecules that slip through phospholipid bilayer that can simply diffuse in and out of cells

A

Simple diffusion

46
Q

Use of a special binding protein that transports the ion or molecule from one side of the membrane to the other

A

Carrier-mediated transport

47
Q

Molecule binds protein , dumps out molecule on other side. High concentration to low

A

Facilitated diffusion

48
Q

Molecule bond protien , moves molecule on the other side. Takes energy from an ATP for pumping. Low concentration to high

A

Active transport

49
Q

2 molecules move across membrane , no ATP used. One goes against concentration gradient, one goes with it

A

Secondary active transport

50
Q

Pinching off just a liquid

A

Pinocytosis

51
Q

Pinching off a solid particle

A

Phagocytosis

52
Q

Has more negative charges

A

The inside of the cell

53
Q

Where does electron transport chain take place

A

Cristae of the mitochondria

54
Q

ATP>ADP

A

Electron transport chain

55
Q

Changes in the DNA that typically occur during lifetime

A

Mutations

56
Q

G1, S, G2

A

Interphase

57
Q

Phases of mitosis

A

Prophase , metaphase, anaphase, telophase

58
Q

Normal growth and duplication

A

G1

59
Q

DNA replication

A

S

60
Q

Protein synthesis in prepare of mitosis

A

G2

61
Q

Chromatin forms chromosomes and nucleus breaks down

A

Prophase

62
Q

Chromosome line up

A

Metaphase

63
Q

Chromatids move towards opposite sides

A

Anaphase

64
Q

Two new cells are formed

A

Telophase

65
Q

Cells that constantly divide to give rise to cells that differentiate to become most of your cells

A

Stem cells

66
Q

Cells that don’t divide

A

Differentiation

67
Q

XY

A

Men

68
Q

XX

A

Women

69
Q

Show up if at least one allele codes for that trait

A

Dominate traits

70
Q

Show up as a phenotype

A

Recessive traits

71
Q

2 identical allele at a genetic locus

A

Homozygous

72
Q

2 different alleles at a locus

A

Heterozygous

73
Q

Describes when a single gene has multiple effects

A

Pleiotropy

74
Q

Observed trait

A

Phenotype

75
Q

DNA code

A

Genotype

76
Q

Cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

77
Q

Tumors that grow where they are

A

Benign tumors

78
Q

Tumors that peel cells and lymphatic system

A

Malignant tumors

79
Q

Lagging strands

A

Okazaki fragments

80
Q

Formed by carbohydrate portions of molecules that extend beyond the outer edge of the phospholipids and are attached to it.

A

Glycocalyx

81
Q

Functions of glycocalyx

A

Lubrication and protection
Anchoring and locomotion
Binding and recognition

A&P I (16 decks)

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