Chapter 3/4 - Cells and DNA Flashcards
Actin; help form terminal web near inner leaflet of cell membrane
Microfilaments
Protein composition varies; strengthen, stabilize and give shape
Intermediate filaments
Hollow tubes built from tubuljn , extend outward from centriole. Serve as guide wires for molecular motors transporting. Used to form microvilli , centrioles , and cilia
Microtubules
Composed of myosin and only found in muscle cells
Thick filaments
Small finger shaped projections, typically found on an epithelial cell. Increases surface area for absorption
Microvilli
Important for cell division, formed by 9 microtubules triplets. Helps form spindle apparatus during mitosis
Centrioles
Long finger like dyein arms that’s on top the cell surface to move mucus and particles
Cilia
Make proteins, part RNA/ part protien. Can be small/large. Can be fixed/free
Ribosomes
Organelles that break down proteins in a cell. Usually damaged or abnormal proteins ; important in immune system
Proteasome
Set of membranous tubes , near nucleus , where things are synthesized, stored, and transported. 2 types rough and smooth
Endoplasmic reticulum
Where lipids and carbs are synthesized, also stores Ca within cell
Smooth ER
Where proteins and peptides are synthesized, transports vesicles pinch off from RER to go the the golgi
Rough ER
Packaging center
1. Modified and packaged proteins for excoytosis or use within cytosol
Golgi
Vesicles of enzymes to help break things down within a cell. Important for recycling
Lysosomes
Vesicles of enzymes that are smaller than lysosomes and not made by the golgi. Breaks down fatty acids and other organic. Produce hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
Makes atp , has inner and outer membranes. Matrix and cristae
Mitochondria
Vesicles that are packaged for exocytosis
Secretory vesicles
Enzyme packed for use w/in cell
Lysosomes
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis
Breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid , requires no oxygen
Glycolysis
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
TCA cycle
Can be activated by receptors
G protien
DNA that is not supercooled , found in nucleus, can be used for making RNA
Chromatin
Supercooled DNA, coiled chromatin
Chromosome
One half of a chromosome
Chromatid
End of a chromatid/chromatin
Telomere
Particular version of a gene
Allele
Location along chromosome
Locus
The copy of DNA folding sequence from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
mRNA
Pieces of RNA that combine with small proteins to for the ribosomes
rRNA
Cloverleaf shaped pieces of RNA that can bind amino acids on one end of the molecule
tRNA
The process of copying a piece of DNA into a piece of mRNA
Transcription
The process of translating the sequence of bases in the strand of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids
Translation
Where does transcription take place
Cytoplasm
Cells burst, fluid going inside a cell
Hypotonic
Cells shrivel , fluid going out of a cell
Hypertonic
Fluid doesn’t go in or out
Isotonic
Combo of proteins and rna
Splicosomes
Transcription of Genes regulated by small molecules , mostly proteins
Transcription regulatory factors
Dispersal of solute throughout water. Move away from highest concentration to lowest
Diffusion
Difference in concentration
Diffusion gradient or concentration gradient
The movement of water through a membrane. Water flows to low concentration to high
Osmosis
The force generated by difference in somatic concentration that pulls water through a membrane
Osmotic pressure
The forces that pushes against a fluid
Hydrostatic pressure
Small lipids molecules that slip through phospholipid bilayer that can simply diffuse in and out of cells
Simple diffusion
Use of a special binding protein that transports the ion or molecule from one side of the membrane to the other
Carrier-mediated transport
Molecule binds protein , dumps out molecule on other side. High concentration to low
Facilitated diffusion
Molecule bond protien , moves molecule on the other side. Takes energy from an ATP for pumping. Low concentration to high
Active transport
2 molecules move across membrane , no ATP used. One goes against concentration gradient, one goes with it
Secondary active transport
Pinching off just a liquid
Pinocytosis
Pinching off a solid particle
Phagocytosis
Has more negative charges
The inside of the cell
Where does electron transport chain take place
Cristae of the mitochondria
ATP>ADP
Electron transport chain
Changes in the DNA that typically occur during lifetime
Mutations
G1, S, G2
Interphase
Phases of mitosis
Prophase , metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Normal growth and duplication
G1
DNA replication
S
Protein synthesis in prepare of mitosis
G2
Chromatin forms chromosomes and nucleus breaks down
Prophase
Chromosome line up
Metaphase
Chromatids move towards opposite sides
Anaphase
Two new cells are formed
Telophase
Cells that constantly divide to give rise to cells that differentiate to become most of your cells
Stem cells
Cells that don’t divide
Differentiation
XY
Men
XX
Women
Show up if at least one allele codes for that trait
Dominate traits
Show up as a phenotype
Recessive traits
2 identical allele at a genetic locus
Homozygous
2 different alleles at a locus
Heterozygous
Describes when a single gene has multiple effects
Pleiotropy
Observed trait
Phenotype
DNA code
Genotype
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
Tumors that grow where they are
Benign tumors
Tumors that peel cells and lymphatic system
Malignant tumors
Lagging strands
Okazaki fragments
Formed by carbohydrate portions of molecules that extend beyond the outer edge of the phospholipids and are attached to it.
Glycocalyx
Functions of glycocalyx
Lubrication and protection
Anchoring and locomotion
Binding and recognition
