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Respiratory Medicine > EEG and sleep > Flashcards

EEG and sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the main clock of the body located?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus

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2
Q

2 Genes that create the circadian rhythm by increasing transcription and translation of other genes in the SCN

A
  • Clock (CLK)

- BMAL1

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3
Q

What time of day does BMAL increase?

A

night

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4
Q

What genes do BMAL1 and CLK increase which then feedback and inhibit BMAL1 and CLK

A
  • Period (per 1-3)

- Cryptochrome gene (Cry 1 and 2)

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5
Q

When an individual has a stongly set circadian rhythm that is off then what gene is mutated?

A

clock

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6
Q

On its own, the SCN creates a day that is how long

A

25 hours

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7
Q

What tract helps us match our activity with Daytime

A

retino-hypothalamic tract

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8
Q

Does the retino-hypothalamic tract use the visual cortex?

A

NO

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9
Q

What neurotransmitter is released in the hypothalamus due to DAYTIME from the retino-hypothalamic tract (ENTRAINMENT)?

Night?

A

Glutamate

melatonin

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10
Q

EEG when awake

A

low amplitude high frequency

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11
Q

what happens to EEG when first go to sleep

A

amplitude initially goes even lower than when awake and then it also starts to slow down

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12
Q

what happens to EEG as you have been asleep for a while

A

Larger amplitude and much slower

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13
Q

Dreams that are boring and rehashing the events of the day

A

non-REM

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14
Q

EEG of REM sleep

A

low amplitude high frequency. very much like wakefulness

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15
Q

Vivid dreams that don’t really happen

A

REM sleep

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16
Q

Homeostatic need for sleep triggers what type of sleep?

A

NREM

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17
Q

circadian clock itself triggers what type of sleep?

A

REM

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18
Q

What area of hypothalmus is crucial for sleep induction

A

ventral preoptic area (VPO)

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19
Q

homeostatic need for sleep is tied to accumulation of what?

A

adenosine

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20
Q

what in the blood leads to an increase in adenosine in CSF

A

PGD2

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21
Q

What receptor in VPO binds adensine?

A

A2a

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22
Q

What things other than adenosine trigger tiredness in the VPO?

A
  • IL-1b and TNF-alpha (SICK)

- GHRH (growing)

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23
Q

pathway of sleepiness in the VPO triggered by IL-1, TNF, and GHRH?

A

NF-kappa-b –> NO synthase –>NO

24
Q

part of brain responsible for initiation of REM sleep

A

lateral pontine tegmentum

25
Q

_______ neurons from the lateral pontine tegmentum release ______ in the _____?

A

cholinergic

Ach

Geniculate body

26
Q

After stimulation from the lateral pontine tegmentum, the geniculate body then sends input where?

A

occipital cortex

27
Q

What causes muscle paralysis during REM sleep?

A

Locus ceruleus sends inhibitory input to alpha-motorneurons

28
Q

What muscles are spared by the paralysis causes by locus ceruleus?

A

diaphragm and small muscle groups

29
Q

the _____ induces arousal by releasing ______.
These then travel to the ______ which releases ______.
This then travels to the ______ which releases _______ and suppresses REM sleep.

A

lateral hypothalamus

Orexin A and B (hypocretin 1 and 2)

tuberomamillary nucleus

Histamine

Locus ceruleus

Norepinephrine

30
Q

If you see a general or repeated pattern in an EEG then what is often going on?

A

a pathological process

31
Q

alpha waves

A 
low amplitude (50)
high frequency (8-13hz)
32
Q

quiet wakefulness (thinking) with eyes CLOSED

A

alpha

33
Q

area of prevalence of Alpha waves

A

occipital cortex

34
Q

when do alpha waves disappear

A

sleep

35
Q

what do alpha waves require?

A

connection b/t thalamus and cortex (basically awake)

36
Q

Beta waves

A 
lower amplitude (<50)
higher frequency (14-80-Hz)
37
Q

occur during alert wakefulness. eyes OPEN

A

Beta waves

38
Q

What happens when you open your eyes but you have been awake the whole time?

A

Alpha block or alerting response. beta waves begin

39
Q

where are beta waves most prevalent

A

frontal cortex

40
Q

When would you likely see gamma waves?

A

if you are planning a motor response

41
Q

What part of the brain may the gamma waves require?

A

hippocampus

42
Q

Theta waves

A

big (100)

slow (4-7 Hz)

43
Q

Theta waves in children?

Adults?

A

normal

frustration and disappointment

Also occur during sleep

44
Q

what part of brain for theta waves?

A

hippocampus

45
Q

Delta waves

A

Biggest (100-200)

Slowest (<3.5 Hz)

46
Q

When are Delta waves seen?

A

Deep sleep and in infants

47
Q

if you see Delta waves during wakefulness then what is happening?

A

Serious organic brain disease . . maybe vegetative state

48
Q

Do Delta waves need connection between thalamus and cortex?

A

NO

49
Q

What can decrease frequency of alpha rhythm?

A
  • hypoglycemia
  • Low body temp
  • Low adrenal glucocorticoids
  • high PaCO2
50
Q

First sleep cycle at night

A

70-100 minutes short REM

51
Q

Later sleep cycles at night

A

90 minutes but less time in Deep sleep and more in REM

52
Q

Describe the sleep cycle in children

A

more time in REM, deep sleep, and total sleep time

53
Q

sleep cycle in elderly

A

-fewer REM episodes
-almost NO deep sleep
-more frequent awakenings
-less total sleep time but more likely to nap
-

54
Q

When are sleep spindles most prominent

A

N2

55
Q

K complexes

A

N2

56
Q

What type of sleep do you wake up from?

A

REM

Respiratory Medicine (37 decks)

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