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Biology > Ecology Test > Flashcards

Ecology Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the effects of deforestation?

A

Decreased biodiversity
Mudslides or soil erosion
Habitat loss
More Carbon dioxide in atmosphere (Forests absorb the carbon dioxide)
Kill off a species or threaten a species
Climate change due to loss of Carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Food webs

A

Webs can vary based on the biome they are in
Can have multiple producers and consumers
Range of possibilities/chains
Trophic Level Order: Primary producer (AKA autotrophs), primary consumer (AKA herbivores), secondary consumer (AKA carnivores), tertiary consumer (AKA carnivores), quaternary consumer (AKA carnivores)
All the energy from the top consumer goes into the decomposers
If one dies off predators decrease and prey increase

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3
Q

Succession

A

Organisms change in an ecosystem as time goes on because it depends on the food source available at the time and will adapt to new food source available
At different times of succession there will be different organisms available–progression of both plants and animals
Organisms change because the environment changes

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4
Q

Ecological Succession

A

transition of species composition of a community following a disturbance

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5
Q

Limiting factors

A

Density dependent: factors that affect populations when the population density is high
EX: water, nutrients, predation, toxins, disease, food
Density independent: factors that affect populations no matter what size they are
EX: natural disasters, humans

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6
Q

how do invasive species affect the species diversity

A

It lowers the diversity because of competition of species

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7
Q

Species Diversity

A

variety of organisms that make up a community

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8
Q

Invasive species

A

not natural to that area, introduced species

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9
Q

how two organisms can live in the same area of overlapping area and still survive

A

Can get some overlap of niches but no two are the same=resource partitioning–it is okay if they overlap as long as they do not compete; therefore, it will not affect them too much
Most of the time they are unique to the species

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10
Q

Ecological Niche

A

specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism used in its environment where an organism lives and goes about its daily activities

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11
Q

Food chains

A

Trophic Levels: Primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer
Bottom-always producers (most numerous)
Tend to have few levels (trophic levels)

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12
Q

how much energy goes on to the next level

A

~90% of energy is lost at each level (heat, metabolism, feces, etc…)
~10% energy goes to next level

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13
Q

Parasitism:

A

(+/- interaction) one is benefited and one is harmed
Endoparasites live inside other organisms
EX: tapeworm
Ectoparasites live on external surface of other organism
EX: tick

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14
Q

Commensalism

A

(+/0 interaction) one is benefited and one it not harmed or benefited
One benefits, other neither harms or helps
EX: Barnacles that live on whales

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15
Q

Mutualism

A

(+/+ interaction) both are benefited
EX: Nitrogen fixing bacteria and plant roots
EX: clownfish and sea ananimes

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16
Q

Facilitation

A

(+/+ or +/0 interaction) either both are benefited or one is benefited and the other is neither harmed nor benefited
Common in plants
One organism benefits the other without coming in contact with it

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17
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

Warning coloration

EX: bright colors of the poison dart frog

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18
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

camouflage

EX: flounder in the sand, octopus, chameleon

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19
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

harmless species mimics a harmful one

EX: larvae that looks like a venomous snake

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20
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

two or more unpalatable resemble each other

EX: cuckoo bee and yellow jacket

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21
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

a niche potentially occupied by a species if no competition

22
Q

Realized Niche

A

the portion of the fundamental niche it actually occupies

23
Q

Invasive Species

A

not native to area, but come in and can survive and reproduce competing for resources

24
Q

why do invasive species proliferate

A

They proliferate because they have no natural predators

25
Q

how can humans stop invasive species

A

Humans can stop them by finding a predator or kill the

26
Q

Review the water cycle

A

Water is essential to all organisms
Liquid water is the primary physical phase in which water is used
The ocean contains 97% of the biosphere’s water; 2% is in glaciers and polar ice caps, and 1% is in lakes, rivers, and groundwater
Water moves by the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement through surface and groundwater
When water reaches the land it can either runoff or go into groundwater

27
Q

Exponential curve

A

increasing at a common factor at a common rate, J curve

Always increase until resources disappear

28
Q

Carrying capacity

A

(K) maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
Where the logistic graph levels off

29
Q

Logistic curve

A

stationary, growth, carrying capacity phases

Has a carrying capacity once the resources become slim

30
Q

Primary Succession

A

disturbance causes new rock to form-volcanic or retreating glacier
Starting with bare rock due to volcanic activity or glaciers
Pioneer species=lichen, than moss

31
Q

Secondary Succession

A

already existing community which is disturbed by things such as natural events (fire, tornado, etc…) or human activity
A disturbance occurs and it starts with soil
Pioneer species is anything with a seed: flowers

32
Q

Pioneer Species

A

First organism that will grow in an area that is newly made or disturbed

33
Q

Keystone Species

A

not usually the dominant organism but has a huge effect on environment (Species that keeps the environment and other species in balance)

34
Q

What is the significance of keystone species

A

Exerts control over the community structure by the nature of its ecological role

35
Q

Review the effects of nitrates and phosphates on aquatic environments

A

Increase amounts of nutrients in the water that causes algal-blooms and the algae use up the oxygen in the water resulting in fish kills and other organisms dying because there is not enough oxygen

36
Q

r-strategist

A

organisms that tend to over produce, habitat is usually unstable therefore they produce a lot so their animals survive
EX: fish, rodents, turtles

37
Q

k-strategist

A

organisms that have a stable environment, have less offspring, offspring is more likely to survive
EX: humans, elephant, horse

38
Q

Biomass

A

biological mass without water

39
Q

Tropical Forest Biome Organisms

A

insects, spiders, arthropods

40
Q

Savanna Biome Organism

A

wildebeests, zebras, lions, hyenas

41
Q

Desert Biome Organism

A

scorpions, ants, beetles, snakes, lizards, migratory, birds, rodents

42
Q

Chaparral Biome Organism

A

deer, goats,

43
Q

Temperate Grassland Biome Organism

A

wild horses, prairie dogs

44
Q

Northern Coniferous Forest Biome Organism

A

moose, brown bears, siberian tigers

45
Q

Temperate Broadleaf Forest Biome Organism

A

mammals hibernate in winter, birds migrate in summer

46
Q

Tundra Biome Organism

A

bears, wolves, foxes, snowy owls, caribou, reindeer

47
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

the natural process by which nitrogen, either from the atmosphere or from decomposed organic material, is converted by soil bacteria to compounds assimilated by plants. This incorporated nitrogen is then taken in by other organisms and subsequently released, acted on by bacteria, and made available again to the nonliving environment

48
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants

49
Q

ammonification

A

is performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia

50
Q

denitrification

A

is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products

Biology (21 decks)

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