Chapter 16/17/18 Study Guide

Question 1

what are the differences of the cell walls of bacteria and archaea?

Answer 1

bacterial cell walls contain polymers called peptidoglycan, which consists of sugars and short polypeptides that is not found in archaea

Question 2

is bacteria or archaea more closely related to eukaryotes? what does RNA polymerase have to do with the relationship?

Answer 2

archaea is more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria because bacteria RNA polymerase are small and simple but archaea and eukaryotes have complex and similar RNA polymerase

Question 3

what are extremophiles?

Answer 3

archaea that lives in extreme environments

Question 4

explain the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria

Answer 4

some species of bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to nitrogen compounds in soil and water. this converted nitrogen can be used by plants

Question 5

binary fission

Answer 5

bacteria duplicating and dividing

Question 6

transformation

Answer 6

bacteria can pick-up genes from their surroundings

Question 7

conjugation

Answer 7

bacteria passing genes to another by linking together

Question 8

how are binary fission, transformation, and conjugation related?

Answer 8

they are 3 ways in which bacteria can obtain genes

Question 9

what are pathogens?

Answer 9

bacteria and microorganisms that cause disease

Question 10

a virus structure

Answer 10

has DNA, head with protein coat, and tail

Question 11

what are all viruses composed of?

Answer 11

a relatively short piece of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Question 12

lytic cycle

Answer 12

the phage attaches to the host cell and injects DNA. it uses the cell to multiple. the host cell bursts open, releasing hundreds of new viruses. this means the virus destroyed the cell it infected

Question 13

lysogenic cycle

Answer 13

a virus injects its genes into a host. the viral DNA adds to the hosts DNA. each time the host reproduces, so does the viral DNA (cell incorporates viral genes and when it copies its own it also copies the viruses genes)

Question 14

how are the lytic and lysogenic cycles similar?

Answer 14

• they are both ways viruses reproduce

- both times the virus injects DNA into the cell

Question 15

how are the lytic and lysogenic cycles different?

Answer 15

in the lytic cycle it destroys the cell and multiples rapidly but in the lysogenic cycle it incorporates its gene with the cells genes and when the cell reproduces so does the virus

Question 16

what do all viruses need in order to reproduce?

Answer 16

a host cell

Question 17

compare and contrast vaccines and antibiotics

Answer 17

vaccines:
-can prevent some viral illnesses but can’t effect others
-builds your antibodies
-can quickly become outdated
antibiotics:
-help you recover from bacterial infections but are powerless against viruses

Question 18

how are protists defined?

Answer 18

eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, a plant, or a fungus (ex=seaweed)

Question 19

contrast protozoans and algae

Answer 19

protozoan:
-heterotrophs that ingest food
algae:
-autotrophs that make their own food by photosynthesis

Question 20

hyphae

Answer 20

a thread of cytoplasm; many hyphae together make up a body of a fungus

Question 21

mycelia

Answer 21

interwoven mat of hyphae that functions as the feeding source of a fungus

Question 22

what is the relationship between hyphae and mycelia?

Answer 22

hyphae make up mycelia because hyphae are the individual threads that make up the whole fungus and mycelia are the hyphae that grow into the mushroom

Question 23

what is meant by absorption nutrition? what types of organisms employ it? what role do enzymes play in it?

Answer 23

fungi are heterotrophs that release enzymes and break down food. the mycelia absorb the broken down food. (releasing enzymes and absorbing food)

Question 24

what can be classified as a fruiting body?

Answer 24

fruiting body is an above ground reproductive structure of a fungus that use spores to reproduce

Question 25

explain the main role of fungi in ecosystems

Answer 25

fungi decompose and breakdown dead stuff that is used by them and is available for other organisms

Question 26

lichen

Answer 26

a mutualistic pairing of a fungus and algae

Question 27

how might lichen promote soil formation on a rock?

Answer 27

they trap water, dust, and silt when they grow. Lichens die, contributing organic matter to the soil

Question 28

mycorrhizae

Answer 28

are symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots

Question 29

what role do mycorrhizae play in plants and fungi helping each other?

Answer 29

the fungi absorb water and essential minerals from the soil and provide these materials to the plant

Question 30

stromatolite

Answer 30

dome-shaped rock composed of thin layers of sediment pressed tightly together

Question 31

vaccine

Answer 31

dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen (or part of a pathogen) used to stimulate a long term immune defense against the pathogen (creates more antibodies)

Question 32

protozoan

Answer 32

animal-like protist; is a heterotroph

Question 33

alga/algae

Answer 33

plant-like protist; makes its own food by photosynthesis

Question 34

retrovirus

Answer 34

member of a group of viruses such as HIV that carry reverse transcriptase which catalyze as the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template

Question 35

absorption nutrition

Answer 35

method by which fungi absorb small organic molecules from their surroundings