Biology Midterm: chp 5

Question 1

polymer

Answer 1

long chain of monomers

Question 2

building polymers

Answer 2

each time a monomer is added to a chain a water molecule is released (dehydration reaction)

Question 3

breaking a polymer chain

Answer 3

cells break down bonds between monomers by adding water to them (hydrolysis)

Question 4

monosaccharides

Answer 4

simple sugars contain just one sugar unit

- glucose
- fructose
- galactose

Question 5

disaccharide

Answer 5

double sugar
two monosaccharides
-sucrose

Question 6

polysaccharides

Answer 6

long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers

- starch
- glycogen
- cellulose

Question 7

starch

Answer 7

a polysaccharide found in plant cells that consist entirely of glucose monomers
serves as sugar stick piles and stores energy (plants)

Question 8

glycogen

Answer 8

a chain of glucose monomers

in animals and humans it stores excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide

Question 9

cellulose

Answer 9

a chain of glucose monomers

in plants it serves as building materials to protect cells and stiffen the plant so it doesn’t fall over

Question 10

monomer

Answer 10

small molecule units

Question 11

lipid

Answer 11

one of a class of water-avoiding compounds

Question 12

hydrophobic

Answer 12

water fearing

act as a boundary that surrounds/contains the aqueous (watery) contents of our cells

Question 13

fat

Answer 13

a lipid that contains a three carbon backbone and a glyceral

Question 14

saturated fat

Answer 14

a fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (solid at room temp)

Question 15

unsaturated fats

Answer 15

contain less than the max number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chain because some of the carbon atoms are double-bonded to each other (liquid at room temp)

Question 16

steroid

Answer 16

a lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings (all steroids have a core set of 4 rings but they differ in the kinds/locations of functional groups attached to the rings)

Question 17

cholesterol

Answer 17

(best-known steroid) is an essential molecule found in the membrane that surrounds your cells (starting point for which your body produces other steroids)

Question 18

protein

Answer 18

a polymer constructed from a set of just 20 kinds of monomers called amino acids (responsible for day-to-day functioning of organisms, form structures such as hair and make-up muscles and provide long-term nutrient storage and defend body from harmful organisms and control chemical relations in cells)

Question 19

amino acid

Answer 19

monomer consists of s central carbon atom bonded to four partners (three of the central carbon’s partners are the same in all amino acids, one is a hydrogen atom two are a carboxylate group and one is an amino group)

Question 20

protein shape

Answer 20

influenced by sequence of amino acids and surrounding environment (usually aqueous) an unfavorable change in temp, pH, or some other quality of the environment can cause a protein to unravel and lose its normal shape (denaturation of the protein)

Question 21

enzyme

Answer 21

the main catalyst of chemical reactions in organisms that reduces the amount of energy required for activation (activation energy=amount of energy to get started)

Question 22

catalyst

Answer 22

compounds that speed up chemical reactions

Question 23

enzymes affect activation energy

Answer 23

because the specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme (substrate) fits into a particular region of the enzyme (active site)

Question 24

how an enzymes shape is important to its function

Answer 24

an enzymes structure and shape are essential to its function bc it lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed

Question 25

hydrophilic

Answer 25

attracted to water

Question 26

polypeptide

Answer 26

when cells build proteins by linking amino acids together into a chain