ECare - Chapter 7 (Ventilation, Perfusion, & Shock: Understanding Pathophysiology) Flashcards
pathophysiology
study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
metabolism
cellular function of converting nutrients into energy (ex. glucose into ATP)
electrolytes
substance that separates into charges particles when dissolved
alveoli
place where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood happens
perfusion
delivery of oxygenated blood from body cells and removal of wastes
patent
open and clear
tidal volume
volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing
minute volume
amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths /min
dead air space
air that occupies space between the mouth and alveoli but doesn’t reach area of gas exchange
medulla oblongata
associated with respiratory function
pleural space
space between lung tissue and chest wall
plasma oncotic pressure
the pull exerted by large proteins in plasma that pulls water from the body into the bloodstream
hydrostatic pressure
pressure within a blood vessel that pushes water out of the vessel
capillaries (heart)
oxygen is off-loaded and carbon dioxide is picked up from cells of the body
capillaries (lungs)
deoxygenated blood goes from pulmonary arteries to lungs. arterioles connect with capillaries. carbon dioxide is off-loaded and oxygen is transferred from the air in the alveoli into capillaries
stretch receptors
sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction
cardiac output
amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume)
V/Q match
ventilation/perfusion match
this implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
hypovolemic shock
low blood volume
distributive shock
blood vessel tone is lost
cardiogenic shock
heart fails to pump blood
obstructive shock
blood is physically prevented to flow
compensated shock signs/symptoms
mental status change increased heart rate increases respiratory rate delayed capillary refill time pale skin
diaphoresis
cool, pale, and moist/sweaty skin; sweating
decompensated shock
aka hypotensive shock
compensatory mechanisms have failed to sustain perfusion
water is divided among three spaces
intracellular, interstitial (between cells and blood vessels), and intravascular (in bloodstream)
respiratory dysfunction
disruption of respiratory control
disruption of pressure
disruption of lung tissue
blood dysfunction
usually related to volume
blood vessel dysfunction
loss of tone
excessive permeability
hypertension
heart dysfunction
mechanical or electrical
disruptions of fluid balance
fluid loss
poor fluid distribution
nervous system dysfunction
trauma
medical dysfunction
endocrine dysfunction
too many hormones
not enough hormones
digestive dysfunction
gastrointestinal bleeding
vomiting and diarrhea
