ECare - Chapter 6 (Anatomy & Physiology) Flashcards
thyroid cartilage
Adam’s apple
xiphoid process
inferior part of the sternum
musculoskeletal system
system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
skeleton
skull and spine, ribs and sternum, shoulders and upper extremities, and the pelvis and lower extremities
muscles
tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part
ligaments
tissue that connects bone to bone
tendons
tissue that connects muscle to bone
three main functions of musculoskeletal system
- give body shape
- protect vital internal organs
- provide body movement
skull
part of skeleton
skull: bony structure of the head
cranium
the top, back, and sides of the skull
face
front of the skull
mandible
lower jaw-bone
maxillae
two fused bones forming the upper jaw
nasal bones
nose bones
orbits
bony structures around the eyes; eye sockets
zygomatic arches
bones that form the structure of the cheeks
vertebrae
the 33 bones of the spinal column (or just spine)
thorax
chest
thoracic cavity
internal space formed by bones of thorax; contains heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
sternum
breastbone
manubrium
superior portion of the sternum
the body
center portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
inferior portion of the sternum
pelvis
basin-shaped boney structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities
ilium
superior and widest portion of the pelvis
ischium
lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
pubis
medial anterior portion of the pelvis
acetabulum
the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint
femur
large thigh bone
patella
kneecap
tibia
medial and larger bone of the lower leg
fibula
lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
malleolus
protrusion on the side of the ankle; lateral malleolus: lower end of fibula seen on outer ankle and medial malleolus: lower end of the tibia seen on the inner ankle
tarsals
ankle bones
metatarsals
foot bones
calcaneus
heel bone
phalanges
toe and finger bones
clavicle
collarbone
scapula
shoulder blade
acromion process
highest portion of the shoulder
acromioclavicular joint
the joint where the acromion and clavicle meet
humerus
bone of the upper arm between the shoulder and elbow
radius
lateral bone of the forearm
ulna
medial bone of the forearm
carpals
wrist bones
metacarpals
hand bones
joint
point where two bones connect
voluntary muscle
aka skeletal muscles
muscle that can be consciously controlled by nervous system
involuntary muscle
aka smooth muscle
muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
cardiac muscle
specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart; very sensitive to decreased O2
automaticity
ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own; heartbeat is controlled by impulses
respiratory system
aka pulmonary system
system of nose, mouth, throat, lungs, and muscles that bring oxygen into the body (oxygenation) and expel carbon dioxide (ventilation)
oropharynx
area directly posterior to the mouth
nasopharynx
area directly posterior to the nose
pharynx
area that includes both nasopharynx and oropharynx
epiglottis
leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering trachea
larynx
voice box; contains vocal cords
cricoid cartilage
ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
trachea
aka. windpipe
the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs
lungs
organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide take place
bronchi
two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs
bronchioles
branches of the bronchi
alveoli
small sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place
diaphragm
muscular structure controlled by phrenic nerve that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; a major muscle of respiration
inhalation
active process in which the intercostal muscles (rib cage) and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs by negative pressure
exhalation
passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to flow out of the lungs by positive pressure
ventilation
process of moving gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood
respiration (cellular)
the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulation blood and the cells
cardiovascular system
aka circulatory system
system made up of the heart and the blood vessels
atria
the two upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs
ventricles
two lower chambers of the heart. The right ventricle sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The lift ventricle sends oxygen-rich blood to the body
venae cavae
consists of the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. These two major veins return blood from the body to the right atrium
aorta
body’s largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle
valve
structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in one direction
cardiac conduction system
system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
artery
blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
coronary arteries
blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium)
pulmonary artery
vessels that carry deoxygenated blood (exception) from the right ventricle to the lungs
carotid arteries
the large neck arteries (one of each side) that carries blood from the heart to the head
femoral artery
major artery supplying the leg
brachial artery
artery of the upper arm
radial arteral
artery of the lower arm
posterior tibial artery
artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle
dorsalis pedis artery
artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe
arteriole
smallest kind of artery
capillary
thin-walled, small blood vessel where oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body’s cells take place
venule
smallest kind of vein
vein
blood vessel that returns blood to the heart
pulmonary vein
vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
plasma
fluid portion of the blood
red blood cells
carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the cells
white blood cells
make substances that help fight infection
platelets
membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells involved with clotting
pulse
rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries
peripheral pulses
the radial, brachial, posterior tibital, and dorsalis pedis pulses
central pulses
carotid and femoral pulses
blood pressure
pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels
systolic blood pressure
pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts & forces blood into circulation
diastolic blood pressure
pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling
perfusion
supply of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
hypoperfusion/shock
inability of body to adequately circulate blood to body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients
lymphatic system
system made of organs, tissues, and vessels that maintain fluid balance of the body and contribute to the immune system
nervous system
system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that govern sensation, movement, and thought
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord; consists of sensory and motor nerves
autonomic nervous system
division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions; can be broken down into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
digestive system
system by which food travels through the body and is digested or broken down into absorbable form
stomach
muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion begins
small intestine
muscular tube between stomach and large intestine, divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (receives partially digested food from stomach and continues digestion)
large intestine
muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body
liver
largest organ of the body. makes bile to help breakdown fats and assists in metabolism
gallbladder
sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by liver
pancreas
gland behind the stomach that makes insulin and juices that help in digestion in the duodenum
spleen
organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as blood filtration system and a reservoir for blood
appendix
small tube near junction of small and large intestines in right lower quadrant of abdomen. Function unclear
skin
layer of tissue between body and external environment
integumentary system
skin
functions of skin (5)
protection, water balance, temp regulation, excretion, and shock absorption
epidermis
outer layer of skin
dermis
inner (second) layer of skin
rich in blood vessels and nerves
subcutaneous layer
layers of fat and soft tissues
endocrine system
systems of glands that produce hormones that help with body regulation
insulin
hormone made by pancreas
epinephrine
hormone made by body
dilates respiratory passages and used for severe allergic reaction
renal system
aka urinary system
body system that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood
kidneys
filters blood and regulates fluid levels in the body
bladder
round saclike organ of the renal system used as urine reservoir
ureters
tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
urethra
tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine
reproductive system
system responsible for reproduction
testes
male organs of reproduction used to make sperm
penis
organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and transfer of sperm
oavires
egg-producing organs
uterus
organ of reproduction used to house developing fetus
vagina
organ of reproduction used for both sexual intercourse and an exit from the uterus for the fetus
