E2: L16 pt2 Flashcards
__ ___ increases receptor affinity
affinity maturation
___ ___ produces different antibody isotypes
isotope switching
2 ways B-cells are activated
1. ___
2. ___
Tcell-dependent
Tcell-independent
2 processes that Bcells undergo on the way to becoming effector B cells (plasma cells) or memory cells
affinity maturation, isotope switching
SHM stands for
somatic hypermutation
B-cells ___ in germinal centers to form a ____
proliferate, colony
SHM enhances the ___ response
immune
pruning less effective B-cells through ____
apoptosis
b-cells that circulate through body are aimed to become highly specific for one ___
antigen
dark zones undergo ___
specilazation
light zones have interaction with ___ cells
dendritic
naive cell, primary focus occurs. this is where the B cells will produce receptors and antibodies with a ___ affinity
low
___ ___ is when B cells produce low affinity ___
primary focus, antibodies
some Bcells are called via chemokine to ___ centers
germinal
in germinal centers, B-cells are ___
activated
the germinal center is known as the __ zone
dark
cells going into germinal center are ___ and ___
proliferating, SHM
after passing through germinal center, the Bcells will have ___ affinity for one specific antigen.
high
Bcell maturation process: ___, undergo SHM and __ selection
primary, affinity
highly affinities B cells hold ___ of the antigen they come in contact with which improves the immune response.
copies
light zone is b-cells undergoing ___
selection
light zone contains lots of ___ cells
dendritic
___ increase over time by the cell interacting with other antigens
mutations
SHM is followed by ___ selection
affinity
____ time elapses between mutation and testing.
little
mutations increase over time and with repeated Ag exposures. if the cell becomes worse at grabbing the antibody, the cell is __ from the colony
pruned
mutations increase over time and with repeated Ag exposures. If the cell is better at grabbing the antigen, the cell is ___ for.
selected
each time the cell divides, there’s an opportunity for a new ___ and ___
mutation, selection
Plasma cells form within the ___ focus
primary
__ cells form within the primary focus
plasma
Plasma cells are Bcells that can no longer ___ and rapidly secrete large numbers of ___ molecules.
divide, antibody
plasma cells are found within how long of an immune response?
5-6 days
when Bcells are selected, it makes them better interacting with ___ __ cells to enhance the immune response.
helper T
Plasma cells are ___ secreting cells
Ig
where are plasma cells located
medullary cord regions of lymph nodes
plasma cells are Bcells that have undergone development where they have lost their characteristic ___
receptors
plasma cells are Bcells that are no longer able to undergo ___
division
Naive B cells –> ___ –> Plasma Cells
Plasmablasts
name for the terminally differentiated B cell?
plama cell
what cell secrete large numbers of antibodies, can no longer proliferate, little to no surface BCR expression?
plasma
what cell bear cell surface IgM; do not secrete antibody
naive B cell
what cell can secrete antibodies, can proliferate, still have surface BCRs
plasmablast
Transcription factors dictate whether Ag-activated B cells become:
___ B cells or __ cells
GC, Plasms
___ __ dictate whether Ag-activated B cells become: GC B cells or Plasma cells
transcription factors
GC cell stands for
germinal center
2 circulation sites of plasma cells
bone marrow, mucosal tissues
plasma cells that circulate to the mucosal tissue where they produce large amount of Ig___
IgA
Some germinal center cells complete their maturation as plasma cells.
takes around __ days
10
plasma cells in the bone marrow interact with __ cells
dendritic
in the bone marrow, plasma cells can activate a normally ___ cell.
innate
__ cells provide support and growth facts to developing cells within the bone marrow
stromal
CLP stands for
common lymphoid progenitor
after leaving the lymph node, can plasma cells associate with their niche in the bone marrow?
yes
order these 3 cells from shortest to longest life span:
1. naive B cell
2. plasmablast
3. plasma cell
2, 1, 3
- naive B cell
- plasmablast
- plasma cell
which of these 3 can proliferate
plasmablast
location of naive B cells
lymphoid organs
location of plasmablast
lymphoid organs and blood
location of long-lived plasma cell
bone marrow
the purpose of refining B-cells is to make them have high ___
affinity
isotope switching is also known as __ ___
class switching
naive b-cells meet antigen and become refined. the ___ they express is possible to switch. this is under cytokine control.
antigen
a ___ cell presents antigen to Helper T. Helper T meets B cell that recognizes the antigen. Helper B cell started with IgM is driven by the interaction to morph from IgM to IgE.
dendritic
a dendritic cell presents antigen to Helper T. Helper T meets __ ___ that recognizes the antigen. Helper B cell started with IgM is driven by the interaction to morph from IgM to IgE.
B cell
IgE is good at ___ and ___
parasitic and algeries
a dendritic cell presents antigen to Helper T. Helper T meets B cell that recognizes the antigen. Helper B cell started with IgM is driven by the ___ to morph from IgM to IgE.
interaction
a dendritic cell presents antigen to Helper T. Helper T meets B cell that recognizes the antigen. Helper B cell started with IgM is driven by the interaction to morph from __ to IgE.
IgM
“antigen presenting cells” are __ cells
dendritic
CSR stands for
Class-switch recombination
B cells must receive costimulatory signals from CD___ to engage in CSR.
CD40
CSR requires presence of ___ __ cells
Helper T
___ signal received determines the isotype to be produced
Cytokine
For CSR: If IL-4 is produced, it switches to produce ___
IgE
For CSR: If IL-5 is produced, it switches to produce Ig___
IgA
For CSR: what IL is switched to produce IgG
no specific IL is required for IgG
describe how a B cell switches from one antibody type to another
TGF-beta is a __ growth factor
transforming
B-cell ___ provides a rapid/strong response to ___ infection.
memory, secondary
Ig___-bearing memory B cells generated prior to somatic hypermutation
M
Ig__-bearing memory cells have undergone SHM and produce higher-affinity antibody.
G
IgM-bearing memory B cells generated prior to ___ ___
somatic hypermutation
IgG-bearing memory cells have undergone ___ and produce higher-affinity antibody.
SHM
B-cells are a __ response
humoral
if interacting with an infection is day 1, it takes ___ days to start seeing IgM. After a few more days, ___ is seen. This is called the __ response.
IgM, IgE, Primary
in secondary response, meets a second exposure, you see plasma cells make ___ again.
IgE
in the ___ response, you see huge amounts of IgG
secondary
primary response takes about ___ days. the secondary response takes about __ days. This is due to ___ B cells
14, 3, memory
IgM bearing memory B cells have __ affinity
low
lower affinity, but hight avidity. This is __ bearing memory B cells
IgM
lower affinity, but hight avidity. this means they can __ with a lot, but just not as good a fit.
interact,
LLPCs stand for
Long-lived plasma cells
histologically, LLPCs appear ___ and express different cell surface markers
larger
LLPCs produce antibodies ___ after interaction
long
LLPCs do their role in the ___ immune response
secondary
LLPCs produce Ig___and Ig__ in mucosa
IgG and IgA
name the antibody isotope (Ig) produced in these cells:
1. Naive B cell
2. Memory B cell
- IgM
- IgG
Most newly generated B cells are lost at the end of the ___ immune response.
primary
T-dependent (TD) responses require help from T cells.
Which is mediated by B-2 B cells binding to ___ antigens
TD
PRRs stand for
Pathogen receptors
**start on slide 29
