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Biology unit 5 > Dopamine and serotonin > Flashcards

Dopamine and serotonin Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are neurones that produce dopamine found

A

In the basal ganglia of the brain

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2
Q

What area of the brain is involved in movement

A

Motor cortex

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3
Q

What can occur at the motor cortex if dopamine is present

A

Neurones in motor cortex can send signals to rest of the body more easily if dopamine is present

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4
Q

What is dopamine broken down by

A

MAO enzyme

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5
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease caused when

A

Neurones that produce dopamine have died so no dopamine is release into the rest of the brain

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6
Q

What does it mean if no dopamine goes to the motor cortex

A

People with Parkinson’s have trouble moving

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

Muscle stiffness, shaking and balance difficulties

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8
Q

What other symptoms can arise due to lack of dopamine

A

Cognitive and mood disorders

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9
Q

What do treatments for Parkinson’s try to do

A

replace the effects of lost dopamine

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10
Q

What do MAO inhibitor drugs do

A

They block MAO from breaking down dopamine

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of MAO drugs

A

MAO - A inhibitors

MAO - B inhibitors

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12
Q

What do MAO - B inhibitors do

A

they treat Parkinson’s (MAO B enzymes)

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13
Q

What is also given to increase dopamine

A

L-DOPA

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14
Q

How does L-DOPA increase dopamine levels

A

It can be converted into dopamine in the brain

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15
Q

How does gene therapy treat Parkinson’s

A

it inserts genes that produce proteins that increase the production of dopamine

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16
Q

What is an issue with some Parkinson’s treatments

A

They often leave patients with too much dopamine

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17
Q

What can too much dopamine cause

A

Symptoms of schizophrenia

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18
Q

What are people with schizophrenia given to reduce symptoms

A

Drugs block dopamine receptors, this prevents the post-synaptic membrane from being able to detect dopamine

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19
Q

What can schizophrenic drugs cause

A

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

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20
Q

Due to the side effects of too much dopamine, what do other treatments for Parkinson’s aim to do

A

They aim to reduce the symptoms without increasing dopamine

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21
Q

What is an example of a treatment that reduces symptoms of Parkinson’s without increasing dopamine

A

Dopamine agonists

22
Q

What do dopamine agonists do

A

They are molecules that mimic the effects of dopamine on certain dopamine receptors

23
Q

What is given to sufferers of Parkinson’s who drugs don’t help

A

Deep brain stimulation

24
Q

What does DBS involve

A

An electrode is inserted into the brain in or around the basal ganglia which stimulates the neurones in the same way dopamine normally does

25
Q

Where are neurones that produce serotonin found

A

The brainstem but their axons extend to many areas of the brain

26
Q

How is serotonin distributed

A

It is released into synapses, then transported back into the pre-synaptic neurone by a serotonin transporter: 5-HTT

27
Q

What does serotonin influence

A

Mood

28
Q

What condition is serotonin linked to

A

Depression

29
Q

Describe depression

A

It is an illness where people are constantly sad for many weeks or months

30
Q

What are symptoms of depression

A

Sadness, loss of motivation, loss of hope

31
Q

How is serotonin linked to depression

A

people with depression tend to have lower levels of serotonin

32
Q

Due to the many causes of depression what is it called

A

A multifactorial condition

33
Q

What are multifactorial conditions

A

Conditions caused by a number of factors such as genetics and the environement

34
Q

How do we know that genetics is linked to depression

A

If one twin has depression, the other twin is likely to have depression too, The link is more strong in identical twins than non-identical twins

35
Q

What gene has been linked to depression and why

A

5-HTT gene as it is involved in reuptake of serotonin

36
Q

What is the difference between the 2 5-HTT allele’s

A

The long allele has more base pairs than the short allele

37
Q

What has been found about the short allele for 5-HTT gene

A

People with the short allele are more likely to develop depression after a stressful life event

38
Q

How is serotonin broken down

A

MAO enzyme

39
Q

What was an early treatment for depression

A

MAO inhibitors so serotonin isn’t broken down so its effect lasts longer

40
Q

What is a modern common treatment for depression

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

41
Q

How do SSRI’s work

A

They block the re-uptake of serotonin into the pre-synaptic neurone leaving more in the synaptic cleft

42
Q

What is an issue with SSRI’s

A

Sometimes helps treat depression but effects are only seen a few weeks after taking it

43
Q

What does MDMA effect

A

Mood, memory and perception

44
Q

Why do people take MDMA

A

It causes a short term effect of emotional warmth and empathy

45
Q

What are short term negative effects of MDMA

A

Hyperthermia (too hot) and kidney failure

46
Q

What are long term negative effects of MDMA

A

Depression

47
Q

What does MDMA effect

A

Synapses that release serotonin

48
Q

What do serotonin transporters do

A

They are in the presynaptic membrane and transport serotonin out of the synaptic cleft and into the presynaptic neurone

49
Q

What does MDMA do to serotonin transporter’s

A

It binds to serotonin transporters and blocks them

50
Q

What is the effect of MDMA binding to serotonin transporters and blocking them

A

Serotonin remains in the synapse binding to receptors and stimulating the post-synaptic membrane. Causing a positive change in mood

51
Q

What does overstimulation of the postsynaptic membrane cause

A

Causes the postsynaptic neurone to lose its sensitivity (desensitised) due to reduced post synaptic serotonin receptors

52
Q

What does loss in postsynaptic neurone sensitivity cause

A

Causes post-synaptic neurones to fire less causing a negative change in mood

Biology unit 5 (49 decks)

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