DNA, Genes and Chromosomes. Flashcards
Where is DNA found?
Nucleus
Where is RNA found?
The cytoplasm of the cell
What is the function of DNA?
Holds genetic information
Determines our inherited characteristics.
What is the function of RNA?
Tansfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
What are nucleotides?
The biological molecules act as the building blocks of nucleic acids. They are found in both DNA and RNA
What are the components of Nucleotides?
Pentose sugar, Phosphate group and Nitrogen-containing base
What are the components of DNA nucleotide?
Are deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine.
What are the components of RNA nucleotide?
Are ribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil.
What does a condensation reaction between two nucleotides form?
A phosphodiester bond.
Describe the structure of DNA
A DNA molecule is a double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs.
What is a DNA molecule?
A DNA molecule is a double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs.
How are nucleotides formed?
They join together by phosphodiester bonds formed in condensation reactions. The result is a dinucleotide, which joins to form polynucleotides. The bond forms between the deoxyribose sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another.
Base pairing nitrogen-containing organic bases occurs as follows:
Adenine ALWAYS pairs with Thymine
Guanine ALWAYS pairs with Cytosine
Why is DNA a stable molecule?
- The phosphodiester backbone protects the more chemically reactive nitrogen-containing organic bases inside the double helix.
- Hydrogen bond form bridges between the phosphodiester uprights. As there are three
the hydrogen bond between guanine and cytosine, rather than two for adenine and thymine, a higher proportion of C—G pairings makes DNA more stable.
change in DNA on a chromosome affects all proteins made from that gene for the life of the cell. A change in the RNA involved in protein production is short-lived.
What is the difference between the effects of the changes in the two types of nucleic acids? A-A*
DNA is a genetic material that is passed from parents cells to daughter cells and future generations.
change in DNA on a chromosome affects all proteins made from that gene for the life of the cell. A change in the RNA involved in protein production is short-lived.
What is the difference between the effects of the changes in the two types of nucleic acids? (A-A*)
DNA is a genetic material that is passed from parents cells to daughter cells and future generations.
What are some differences between DNA and RNA?
A-A*) (AO3/4
DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, Whereas RNA contains ribose and uracil
Which option best describes results that would prove that DNA, not protein, is the primary source of heritable information? (A-A*) (AO3/4)
The DNA and protein of the virus were tagged with different isotopes and exposed to host cells where only the DNA was transferred to the host.
Which molecule carries information in a form that is inherited from one generation to another? (A-A*) (AO3/4)
Hereditary information is stored in DNA
A change in DNA on a chromosome affects all proteins made from that gene for the life of the cell. A change in the RNA involved in protein production is short-lived.
What is the difference between the effects of the changes in the two types of nucleic acids? (A-A*) (AO3/4)
DNA is a genetic material that is passed from parents cells to daughter cells and future generations.
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
DNA & RNA
What monomers are DNA and RNA made from?
Nucleotides
What do many Nucleotides form?
Polynucleotides which make up nucleic acids such as DNA & RNA
The components of a DNA nucleotide are:
A deoxyribose sugar.
A phosphate group.
An organic base - adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T).
The components of an RNA nucleotide are:
A ribose sugar.
A phosphate group.
An organic base - adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), uracil (U).
Base pairing in DNA
Adenine (A) can pair with thymine (T).
Guanine (G) can pair with cytosine (C)
Meaning that there is always an identical number of adenine and thymine bases and of guanine and cytosine bases in DNA.
If the sequence of one strand of DNA is AATTGGCC, what would the sequence of the complementary strand be?
TTAACCGG
What types of bonds occur between nucleotides to hold a single ploynucleotide chain together?
Phophodiester bond
Describe the structure of DNA.
Made up of a Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of 4 organic bases (A, C, G, T). It is double-stranded, and H bonds between the bases form a helix shape.
