Cell structure

Question 1

What are the two main types of cells?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Cells

Question 2

What is the structure of a Cell-surface membrane/ Plasma membrane?

Answer 2

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol embedded within it. Glycolipids and glycoproteins in the surface.

Question 3

What is the structure of Ribosomes?

Answer 3

Small granules in cells made of protein and rRNA. Made up of a small and large subunit. The 80s in size in eukaryotes.

Question 4

What is the structure of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 4

The RER have ribosomes on the outer surface.

Question 5

What is the structure of a Cell wall?

Answer 5

• Found in plants, algae and fungi.
• Consists of polysaccharides, cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi.
• There is a thin boundary layer between adjacent cells called the middle lamella.

Question 6

What is the structure of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Answer 6

Sheets of membranes linked to the nucleus. The membranes form a network of cisternae- a network of tubules and flattened sacs

Question 7

What is the structure of a Cell vacuole?

Answer 7

Found in plants. A single membrane sac filled with fluid containing salts, sugars and amino acids. The membrane around a cell vacuole is called the tonoplast.

Question 8

What is the structure of a Nucleus?

Answer 8

Surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope with nuclear pores. Containing chromosomes, consisting of protein-bound, linear DNA, and one or more nucleolus

Question 9

What is the structure of Mitochondria?

Answer 9

Double membrane organelle. The inner membrane is folded to form cristae. Contains a fluid centre called the matrix

Question 10

What is the structure of a Chloroplast?

Answer 10

Surrounded by a double membrane. Contains thylakoids, which are folded membrane containing chlorophyll pigments. Contains a fluid centre, the stroma.

Question 11

What is the structure of Lysosomes?

Answer 11

Formed when the Golgi apparatus contains hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 12

What is the function of Ribosomes?

Answer 12

The site of translation in protein synthesis.

Question 13

What is the function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Answer 13

Site of protein synthesis and glycoprotein synthesis.

Question 14

What is the function of a Cell wall?

Answer 14

Provides structural strength to cells and prevents cells from bursting when water enters by osmosis.

Question 15

What is the function of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Answer 15

Create, store and transport lipids

Question 16

What is the function of a Cell vacuole?

Answer 16

To provide support to a cell, store amino acids and sugars and can contain pigments to attract pollinators.

Question 17

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Answer 17

Nucleus is the site of rRNA product and makes ribosomes. DNA replication and transcription occur in the nucleus.

Question 18

What is the function of Mitochondria?

Answer 18

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production.

Question 19

What is the function of a Chloroplast?

Answer 19

The site of photosynthesis. The stroma contains enzymes for the light-independent stage of photosynthesis

Question 20

What is the function of Lysosomes?

Answer 20

A type of Golgi vesicle that releases lysozymes.

Question 21

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 21

Proteins and lipids and modified here.

Question 22

What is the function of cilia?

Answer 22

Allow movement along the cell surface

Question 23

What is the structure of Cillia?

Answer 23

-Hair-like structures on some animal cells

-Outer membrane and a ring of 9 pairs of
microtubules inside and 2 in the middle

Question 24

What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Answer 24

DNA - Prokaryotic DNA is circular and found free in the cytoplasm; eukaryotic DNA is linear and found in the nucleus.

Ribosomes - Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes.

Membrane-bound organelles - Prokaryotes do not have any membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts or Golgi apparatus.

Cell wall - The cell wall of prokaryotes is different from that of plants or fungi. Bacterial cell walls are formed of peptidoglycan, plant cell walls of cellulose and fungal cell walls of chitin.

Cell division - Prokaryotes divide by binary fission; eukaryotes divide by mitosis

Question 25

Define the terms eukaryotic and prokarytic cells.

Answer 25

• Prokaryotes are much smaller (less than 2um)
• Prokaryotes linear DNA
• Prokaryotes no membrane bound nucelus
• Prokaryotes have a cell wall

Question 26

Prokaryotic cell replication: Binary fission steps

Answer 26

• The circular DNA and plasmid replicate
• The main DNA loop is only replicated once but the plasmid can be replicated lots of times.
• The cell gets bigger and the DNA loops moved to opposite poles.
• The cytoplasm divides and the two daughter cells are produced.
• Each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA and variable numbers of the plasmids.

Question 27

Viral replication

Answer 27

THEY DO NOT UNDERGO CELL DIVISON

• Inject that DNA or RNA into the host cell host cell is hijacked & uses its own machinery to replicate the viral particles
• In order to inject the virus is genetic material the virus has to attach to the host cell surface by its attachment proteins.
• Then to the receptor proteins on the host cell which are complementary
• Different viruses have different attachment proteins and therefore require different receptor proteins