DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PART 2.1 (based on T) Flashcards
What is the 2nd most common cause of stridor in infancy?
Congenital subglottic stenosis.
What are the two types of congenital subglottic stenosis?
Membranous (involves true vocal cords) and cartilaginous (affects cricoid cartilage).
What are the classic symptoms of congenital subglottic stenosis?
Barking cough and biphasic or primarily inspiratory stridor starting early in life.
What condition should be suspected in infants under 6 months with recurrent or persistent croup?
Congenital subglottic stenosis.
What are two clinical clues suggesting congenital subglottic stenosis in an intubated infant?
Failure and difficulty of extubation.
How is congenital subglottic stenosis diagnosed?
Endoscopic evaluation.
What is the management for mild congenital subglottic stenosis?
Observation.
What are the management options for severe congenital subglottic stenosis?
Anterior cricoid split, laryngeal stent placement, or tracheotomy.
What is congenital vocal cord paralysis commonly associated with?
Developmental CNS anomalies, cardiovascular, and respiratory system anomalies.
What is a possible perinatal cause of congenital vocal cord paralysis?
Stretching of the laryngeal nerve during delivery.
What three aspects are affected in congenital vocal cord paralysis?
Phonation, respiration, and deglutition.
What diagnostic test is recommended for congenital vocal cord paralysis?
Direct laryngoscopy of the dynamic larynx.
What is the prognosis for mild congenital vocal cord paralysis?
Recovery within 6-12 months; observation is recommended.
What is the treatment for bilateral congenital vocal cord paralysis?
Tracheotomy.
What is the treatment for unilateral congenital vocal cord paralysis?
Laryngoplasty.
What additional therapy is recommended for congenital vocal cord paralysis?
Speech therapy with proper treatment.
What is tracheomalacia?
A condition characterized by the collapsibility of the trachea due to weak tracheal cartilage.
What part of the trachea is most affected by tracheomalacia?
Distal third of the trachea.
What are the causes of tracheomalacia?
Congenital, intrinsic, extrinsic, or acquired.
What are the symptoms of tracheomalacia?
Expiratory stridor or wheeze, harsh barky cough, episodic reflex apnea, cyanosis, and dying spells.
What worsens tracheomalacia symptoms?
Salbutamol nebulization.
What are the diagnostic tests for tracheomalacia?
Lateral chest radiography, cinefluoroscopy, and endoscopic evaluation.
What is the triad seen in tracheomalacia on imaging?
Narrowing of the anteroposterior tracheal diameter, ballooning of the posterior membranous wall, and loss of the C-shape ring.
What is the usual prognosis for congenital tracheomalacia?
Resolves spontaneously by 18-24 months.