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AAA-PEDIATRICS Y3S2 > ALLERGIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS 1.3 (AB) > Flashcards

ALLERGIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS 1.3 (AB) Flashcards

1
Q

What level of breathlessness is present in mild asthma exacerbation?

A

While walking

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2
Q

What level of breathlessness is present in moderate asthma exacerbation?

A

While at rest (infant–softer. shorter cry. difficulty feeding)

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3
Q

What level of breathlessness is present in severe asthma exacerbation?

A

While at rest (infant–stops feeding)

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4
Q

What breathlessness symptom indicates respiratory arrest is imminent?

A

Extreme dyspnea & Anxiety

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5
Q

What position is preferred in mild asthma exacerbation?

A

Can lie down

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6
Q

What position is preferred in moderate asthma exacerbation?

A

Prefers sitting

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7
Q

What position is preferred in severe asthma exacerbation?

A

Sits upright

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8
Q

What position is seen when respiratory arrest is imminent?

A

Upright & leaning forward

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9
Q

How does a patient with mild asthma exacerbation talk?

A

In sentences

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10
Q

How does a patient with moderate asthma exacerbation talk?

A

In phrases

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11
Q

How does a patient with severe asthma exacerbation talk?

A

In words

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12
Q

How does a patient with respiratory arrest imminent talk?

A

Unable to talk

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13
Q

What is the alertness level in mild asthma exacerbation?

A

May be agitated

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14
Q

What is the alertness level in moderate asthma exacerbation?

A

Usually agitated

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15
Q

What is the alertness level in severe asthma exacerbation?

A

Usually agitated

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16
Q

What is the alertness level when respiratory arrest is imminent?

A

Drowsy or confused

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17
Q

What is the respiratory rate in mild asthma exacerbation?

A

Increased

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18
Q

What is the respiratory rate in moderate asthma exacerbation?

A

Increased

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19
Q

What is the respiratory rate in severe asthma exacerbation?

A

Often >30 breaths/min

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20
Q

What is the respiratory rate when respiratory arrest is imminent?

A

None noted

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21
Q

Are accessory muscles used in mild asthma exacerbation?

A

Usually not

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22
Q

Are accessory muscles used in moderate asthma exacerbation?

A

Commonly

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23
Q

Are accessory muscles used in severe asthma exacerbation?

A

Usually

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24
Q

What abnormal movement is noted when respiratory arrest is imminent?

A

Paradoxical thoracoabdominal movement

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25
What is the wheeze like in mild asthma exacerbation?
Moderate; often only end-expiratory
26
What is the wheeze like in moderate asthma exacerbation?
Loud; throughout exhalation
27
What is the wheeze like in severe asthma exacerbation?
Usually loud; throughout inhalation and exhalation
28
What is the wheeze status when respiratory arrest is imminent?
Absent (no air movement)
29
What is the pulse rate in mild asthma exacerbation?
<100 bpm
30
What is the pulse rate in moderate asthma exacerbation?
100-120 bpm
31
What is the pulse rate in severe asthma exacerbation?
>120 bpm
32
What is the pulse rate when respiratory arrest is imminent?
Bradycardia
33
What is the status of pulsus paradoxus in mild asthma exacerbation?
Absent <10 mmHg
34
What is the status of pulsus paradoxus in moderate asthma exacerbation?
May be present 10-25 mmHg
35
What is the status of pulsus paradoxus in severe asthma exacerbation?
Often present >25 mmHg in adults & 20-40 mmHg in children
36
What does absence of pulsus paradoxus in imminent arrest suggest?
Respiratory muscle fatigue
37
What is the peak expiratory flow in mild asthma exacerbation?
≥70% predicted or personal best
38
What is the peak expiratory flow in moderate asthma exacerbation?
Approx. 40-69% or response lasts <2hr
39
What is the peak expiratory flow in severe asthma exacerbation?
<40%
40
What is the peak expiratory flow in respiratory arrest imminent?
<25%
41
What is the PaO2 in mild asthma exacerbation?
Normal (test not usually necessary)
42
What is the PaO2 in moderate asthma exacerbation?
≥60 mmHg (test not usually necessary)
43
What is the PaO2 in severe asthma exacerbation?
<60 mmHg; possible cyanosis
44
What is the PaO2 in respiratory arrest imminent?
Not noted
45
What is the PCO2 in mild/moderate asthma exacerbation?
<42 mmHg (test not usually necessary)
46
What is the PCO2 in severe asthma exacerbation?
≥42 mmHg; possible respiratory failure
47
What is the PCO2 in respiratory arrest imminent?
Not noted
48
What is the SaO2 in mild asthma exacerbation?
>95% (test not usually necessary)
49
What is the SaO2 in moderate asthma exacerbation?
90-95% (test not usually necessary)
50
What is the SaO2 in severe asthma exacerbation?
<90%
51
What is the SaO2 in respiratory arrest imminent?
Hypoxia despite oxygen therapy
52
In what age group does hypercapnia develop more readily?
Young children
53
What is the normal respiratory rate for children <2 months?
<60 breaths/minute
54
What is the normal respiratory rate for children 2-12 months?
<50 breaths/minute
55
What is the normal respiratory rate for children 1-5 years?
<40 breaths/minute
56
What is the normal respiratory rate for children 6-8 years?
<30 breaths/minute
57
What is the normal pulse rate for children 2-12 months?
<160 beats/minute
58
What is the normal pulse rate for children 1-2 years?
<120 beats/minute
59
What is the normal pulse rate for children 2-8 years?
<110 beats/minute
60
What is included in every step of asthma management?
Patient education. environmental control and management of comorbidities
61
What can be considered for allergic asthma in children ≥5 years?
Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (Steps 2-4)
62
What quick-relief medication is used for all asthma patients?
Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA)
63
How often can SABA be given for quick relief?
Up to 3 treatments at 20-min intervals as needed
64
When should oral systemic corticosteroids be considered?
For severe exacerbation or history of previous severe exacerbations
65
What does using SABA more than 2 days/week indicate?
Inadequate control of asthma and need to step up treatment
66
For children 0-4 years with viral infection. how often can SABA be given?
Every 4-6 hours for up to 24 hours (longer with physician consultation)
67
When is salbutamol given for asthma?
Only as needed in intermittent asthma
68
What is the role of SABA?
Reliever; used as a bronchodilator
69
What medication is added for persistent asthma?
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) like budesonide
70
What is the main pathology of asthma?
Bronchoconstriction due to hyperresponsive airway
71
What is expected in Step 2 of asthma management?
Airway damage or inflammation
72
What happens during allergen-triggered asthma?
Aberrant injury and repair → inflammation and mucus production
73
What is the Step 2 treatment for persistent asthma?
Low-dose ICS or alternative (e.g.cromolyn)
74
What is the Step 3 treatment if symptoms persist?
Medium-dose ICS
75
What happens when symptoms improve after higher treatment?
Step down to as-needed SABA (Step 1). reassess patient
76
What is added in Step 4 if symptoms remain uncontrolled?
Long-acting beta-agonist (LABA)
77
What is given in Step 5 for uncontrolled symptoms?
High-dose ICS + LABA
78
What is important when giving asthma meds to children?
Dose based on body weight
79
What is the methylprednisolone dose for an 18 kg child?
0.25 mg/kg = 4.5 mg once in the morning
80
What is the sample prednisolone dose for an 18 kg child?
1.5 mL of 15 mg/5 mL solution once in the morning
81
What is a biologic risk factor for asthma mortality?
Previous severe exacerbation (ICU or intubation)
82
What does a history of ICU admission indicate?
Increased risk for asthma morbidity/mortality
83
What is the risk of sudden asphyxia episodes?
Respiratory failure or arrest
84
How many hospitalizations in a year increase risk?
Two or more
85
How many ER visits in a year increase risk?
Three or more
86
What does a large diurnal variation in peak flow suggest?
Increased asthma risk
87
What does using >2 SABA canisters/month indicate?
Poor asthma control
88
What does poor corticosteroid response suggest?
Higher risk of severe asthma outcomes
89
Which gender is a risk factor for asthma morbidity?
Male
90
What birthweight is a risk factor for asthma?
Low birthweight
91
Which ethnicity has increased asthma morbidity?
Non-White. especially Black
92
What mold sensitivity increases asthma risk?
Sensitivity to Alternaria
93
What are environmental risk factors for asthma?
Allergen exposure. tobacco smoke. air pollution. urban setting
94
What are economic risk factors for asthma?
Poverty. crowding
95
What age of mother increases asthma risk?
<20 years old
96
What maternal education is a risk factor?
Less than high school
97
What are examples of inadequate medical care?
Inaccessible. unaffordable. ER-only visits. no written action plan
98
What delays in asthma care are risk factors?
Delayed care for chronic symptoms or exacerbations
99
What hospital care issue increases asthma risk?
Inadequate care during exacerbation
100
What psychosocial factors affect asthma?
Psychopathology in parent or child
101
How does perception affect asthma outcomes?
Poor perception of symptoms or severity
102
What substance-related issue is a risk factor?
Alcohol or substance abuse

AAA-PEDIATRICS Y3S2 (46 decks)

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