DISORDERS OF THE EYES (based on T) Flashcards
What are normal developmental milestones for a newborn’s vision?
Appears uncoordinated or strabismic, appears cross-eyed although normal at this stage, stares at objects or faces less than 1 foot, vision is 20/400.
What are normal developmental milestones for a 1-month-old?
Looks at faces and pictures with contrasting black-and-white or RBW (red, black, white) images. Sustained eye contact by 6-8 weeks.
What are normal developmental milestones for a 2-3-month-old?
Looks at hands, follows light, faces, and objects.
What are normal developmental milestones for a 4-5-month-old?
Reaches for objects, recognizes milk bottle, looks at own hands, looks at self in the mirror.
What are normal developmental milestones for a 7-11-month-old?
Stares at small objects, develops pincer grasp, interested in pictures.
What are normal developmental milestones for an 11-12-month-old?
Watches fast-moving objects, recognizes self in mirror, familiar objects, pictures in books. Develops stranger anxiety, places shapes in proper holes, points at objects, observes gestures.
What is a red flag sign for autism at 11-12 months?
Unestablished pointing.
What are normal developmental milestones for an 18-24-month-old?
Focuses on near and far objects, points to body parts when asked, scribbles with crayon or pencil, imitates drawing lines or circles.
What are normal developmental milestones for a 3-4-year-old?
Vision nears 20/20, recognizes and copies shapes, names colors, draws stick figures.
What are normal developmental milestones for a 4-6-year-old?
Recognizes and recites the alphabet, uses eyes and hands together with increasing skill.
What are conditions requiring urgent referral within 24 hours?
Abnormal red-orange reflex (ROR), severe eye injury, severe eye pain, sudden loss of vision.
What are conditions requiring semi-urgent referral?
New onset strabismus or diplopia, visual acuity of 20/200 or worse, severe or new ptosis, anisocoria.
What are conditions requiring standard referral?
Abnormal visual acuity for age, strabismus, children who are untestable, amblyopia.
What is ophthalmia neonatorum?
An inflammatory condition of the ocular surface caused by a chemical or bacterial pathogen.
What is the chemical cause of ophthalmia neonatorum?
Silver Nitrate (AgNO3).
What bacterial pathogen can cause ophthalmia neonatorum?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
What are the signs and symptoms of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum?
Chemosis and copious discharge causing rapid ulceration and perforation of the cornea. Can lead to sepsis, meningitis, or arthritis.
What is the diagnostic method for ophthalmia neonatorum?
Gram staining and culture of eye discharge. Pathognomonic finding: Gram-negative diplococci.
What is the treatment for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum?
Ceftriaxone.
What are the signs and symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis ophthalmia neonatorum?
Mild swelling, hyperemia, papillary reaction with minimal to moderate discharge.
What is the treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis ophthalmia neonatorum?
Erythromycin (eye ointment).
What is the Mandatory Ocular Prophylaxis for Newborn Act of 2011?
A law in the Philippines requiring ocular prophylaxis for newborns. Failure to comply may lead to fines or imprisonment.
What is the triad for congenital toxoplasmosis?
Retinochoroiditis, intracranial calcifications, hydrocephaly.
What is the triad for congenital rubella?
Cataract, microcephaly, congenital heart defect.