SKIN 1.2 (AB) Flashcards
What is another name for neonatal acne?
Infant acne vulgaris.
Where is baby acne usually seen?
Cheeks, chin, and forehead.
When does baby acne typically develop?
Around 3 to 4 weeks of age.
What causes baby acne?
Hormonal changes that stimulate oil glands in the baby’s skin.
What can make baby acne look worse?
Crying, fussiness, or increased blood flow to the skin.
Which ethnicity is more prone to baby acne?
Caucasian descent.
How long does baby acne usually last?
Resolves on its own within several weeks.
What type of infection causes bullous impetigo?
Bacterial infection (gram-positive cocci).
What age group is most affected by bullous impetigo?
Newborns.
What is the causative agent of bullous impetigo?
Staphylococcus aureus.
What toxin is responsible for bullous impetigo?
Exfoliative toxin A.
Where does bullous impetigo commonly appear?
Diaper region, axilla, or neck.
What is the pathophysiology of bullous impetigo?
Bacterial toxin reduces cell adhesion, causing epidermal separation.
What is the characteristic lesion of bullous impetigo?
Vesicles that rapidly enlarge and form bullae.
What is the treatment for mild bullous impetigo?
Topical antibiotic creams (e.g., Fusidic acid).
What is the treatment for severe cases of bullous impetigo?
Oral antibiotics.
What virus causes chickenpox?
Varicella zoster virus.
What type of skin lesions are seen in chickenpox?
Vesicular skin rash with itchy, raw pockmarks.
What is a key feature of chickenpox lesions?
Lesions appear at different stages of healing.
What diagnostic tests can confirm chickenpox?
Tzanck smear or Direct fluorescent antibody test.
What is the main mode of diagnosing chickenpox?
Physical examination.
What preventive measure is available for chickenpox?
Varicella zoster vaccine.
What treatments help relieve chickenpox symptoms?
Antihistamines, calamine lotion (zinc oxide), and Acyclovir.
What is the role of Acyclovir in chickenpox?
Reduces the duration of the condition.
What virus causes measles?
Paramyxovirus (measles virus).
What is the characteristic skin manifestation of measles?
Maculopapular, erythematous rash.
What is the pathognomonic sign of measles?
Koplik’s spots.
Where are Koplik’s spots found?
Oral mucosa.
What laboratory test confirms measles?
Positive measles IgM antibodies.
What vaccine prevents measles?
MMR vaccine.
How is measles managed?
Supportive care (self-limiting).
What is the most common cause of death in measles?
Pneumonia.
What are complications of measles?
Pneumonia, bronchitis, encephalitis, and ear infections.
What virus causes viral warts?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
Where are viral warts commonly found in children?
Fingers and soles.
What is the usual clinical course of viral warts?
Most disappear spontaneously over months or years.
When is treatment indicated for viral warts?
If the lesion is painful or for cosmetic reasons.
What are common treatments for viral warts?
Salicylic acid, lactic acid paint, glutaraldehyde, cryotherapy, or surgery.
What virus causes molluscum contagiosum?
Poxvirus.
What is the characteristic appearance of molluscum contagiosum?
Small, skin-colored, pearly papules with central umbilication.
How long do molluscum contagiosum lesions last?
Usually disappear spontaneously within a year.
What treatments may be used for molluscum contagiosum?
Topical antibacterial for secondary infection, cryotherapy in older children.
What is another name for tinea capitis?
Ringworm of the scalp.
What type of infection causes tinea capitis?
Fungal infection.
What are the characteristic lesions of tinea capitis?
Bald patches with small black dots and scaly, red, swollen areas.
What is a severe form of tinea capitis with pus-filled sores called?
Kerion.
What symptom is almost always present in tinea capitis?
Itching of the scalp.
What long-term effect can tinea capitis cause?
Hair loss and scarring.
What diagnostic test can help confirm tinea capitis?
Wood’s lamp test.
What is the treatment for tinea capitis?
Antifungal shampoos.
What parasite causes scabies?
Sarcoptes scabiei.
How does the scabies mite affect the skin?
It burrows under the skin.
What is the main symptom of scabies?
Intense itching due to an allergic reaction to mite proteins.
Where on the body does scabies commonly occur?
Hands, feet, wrists, elbows, back, buttocks, and external genitals.
What conditions can scabies mimic?
Dermatitis, syphilis, urticaria.
What is the first-line treatment for scabies?
Topical permethrin or oral ivermectin.
Why is oral ivermectin not widely available in the Philippines?
It is not commercially available in the country.
At what age does psoriasis rarely present?
Before age 2 years.
What type of psoriasis is common in children and follows a streptococcal or viral infection?
Guttate psoriasis.
What are the characteristic lesions of guttate psoriasis?
Small, raindrop-like, round or oval erythematous scaly patches on the trunk or upper limbs.
How long does guttate psoriasis usually last?
3-4 months.
When is recurrence of guttate psoriasis common?
Within 3-5 years.
Does guttate psoriasis always require treatment?
No, it usually resolves on its own, but severe cases may need intensive treatment.
What is the characteristic lesion of pityriasis rosea?
Herald patch.
How does the rash of pityriasis rosea appear?
Pink, flaky, oval-shaped rash on the torso.
What is the suspected cause of pityriasis rosea?
Viral infection, often associated with respiratory tract infections.
What are the differential diagnoses for pityriasis rosea?
Lyme disease, ringworm, discoid eczema, drug eruptions.
What does a biopsy of pityriasis rosea show?
Extravasated erythrocytes within dermal papillae of the dermis.
What are the treatment options for pityriasis rosea?
Oral antihistamines and steroids.
What should be avoided in pityriasis rosea?
Direct sunlight and UV therapy.
What are the characteristic lesions of urticaria?
Raised, itchy, red bumps (welts) on the skin.
What is the usual cause of urticaria?
Allergic reaction to food or medicine.
What is another name for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)?
Toxic epidermal necrolysis.
How much body surface area is affected in toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)?
More than 10%.
How much body surface area is affected in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)?
Less than 10%.
What are the characteristic lesions of SJS/TEN?
Widespread, confluent macules or flat vesicles/bullae on the torso.
What causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis in SJS?
Hypersensitivity complex affecting skin and mucous membranes.
What are common drug triggers for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome?
Sulfonamides, penicillin, phenytoin, barbiturates.
What are common infections associated with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome?
HSV, AIDS, EBV, Coxsackie, Hepatitis, Mumps, Group A Strep, Diphtheria, Brucellosis, Mycoplasma, Histoplasmosis.
What is Nikolsky’s sign and is it positive in SJS?
Separation of skin layers, and yes, it is positive in SJS.
What is the primary treatment for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome?
Supportive care.
What are other treatment options for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome?
IVIG may be useful; corticosteroids are controversial.
What is erythema nodosum?
Inflammation of fat cells under the skin, producing tender red nodules or lumps.
At what age does erythema nodosum typically appear?
Between 12-20 years.
What are common causes of erythema nodosum?
Idiopathic (50%), infections (Streptococcus, Mycoplasma, TB), autoimmune diseases (IBD, Sarcoidosis), medications (Sulfonamides, Penicillins).
Which systemic disease is erythema nodosum often associated with?
Rheumatic fever.
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in erythema nodosum?
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to various antigens.
What does a biopsy of erythema nodosum show?
Radial granulomas.
What diagnostic tests are useful in erythema nodosum?
ESR, CRP, Antistreptolysin (ASO) titers, throat culture, urinalysis, tuberculin test.
How long does erythema nodosum typically last?
Self-limiting (3-6 weeks).
What are the conservative management options for erythema nodosum?
Bed rest, leg elevation, compression, wet dressings, NSAIDs.
What medication may be used for persistent lesions in erythema nodosum?
Potassium iodide.
What is the underlying mechanism of erythema multiforme?
IgM deposition in superficial microvasculature of the skin and mucous membranes.
What are common infectious causes of erythema multiforme?
Streptococci, Legionellosis, N. meningitidis, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma.
What virus is strongly associated with erythema multiforme?
Herpes simplex virus (HSV).
What drugs are commonly implicated in erythema multiforme?
Sulfonamides, penicillin, phenytoin, aspirin.
Is treatment required for erythema multiforme?
No, it is self-limiting.
What is the role of glucocorticoids in erythema multiforme?
Their use is controversial, but sometimes used.
