Differentials Flashcards
Categories of causes of collapse
- Cardiac
- Resp
- Neuro
- Other
Cardiac causes of collapse
- Heart failure
- Arrhythmias
- Myocarditis
Resp causes of collapse
- Upper airway obstruction
- Respiratory failure
Neuro causes of collapse
- Birth asphyxia
- Cerebral oedema
- Coning of brainstem
- Head injury
Other causes of collapse
- Drug ingestion
- Severe trauma, e.g. falls, RTA, non-accidental
- Severe hypoxic-ischaemic insult, e.g. suffocation, drowning
Causes of acute fever
- Dehydration
- Otitis media
- Viral infection, e.g. non-specific viral infection, upper respiratory tract infection
- Post surgery
- Kawasaki’s disease
- Factitious
- Tonsillitis
- Post-immunisation
- Septic arthritis
- Pneumonia
- Serious blood infection
Causes of factitious acute fever
- Taking temperature after hot drink
- Deliberate manipulation of thermometer
- Excessive crying on exertion
- Overheating due to swaddling
Serious blood infections causing acute fever
- Meningococcal sepsis
- Streptococcal sepsis
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Malaria
Persistent fever
- HIV infection
- Collagen vascular disease
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Infective endocarditis
- Occult abscess
- Osteomyelitis
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Tuberculosis
- Neoplastic disease
- Hepatitis
- Atypical pneumonia
- Urinary tract infection
Cough in infants
- Congenital malformation of airway
- Infections
- Gastro-oesophageal reflux
Infections causing cough in infants
- Bronchiolitis
- Pneumonia
- Upper respiratory tract infections
Cough in pre-school kids
- Asthma
- Passive smoking
- Infections
- Foreign body
- Cystic fibrosis
Infections causing cough in pre-school kids
- Acute bronchitis
- Upper respiratory tract infections
- Pneumonia
- Croup
Cough in school age to adolescent
- Post-nasal drip
- Cystic fibrosis
- Asthma
- Infections
- Cigarette smoking
- Psychogenic
Wheeze
- Aspiration of food or foreign body
- Cardiac failure
- Asthma
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Bronchiolitis
- Viral wheeze
Acute stridor
- Inhaled foreign body
- Tonsillar abscess (quinsy)
- Croup
- Anaphylaxis
- Epiglottitis
Chronic stridor
- Laryngeal abnormalities
- Vascular ring
- Upper airway obstruction
- Tracheal abnormality
Laryngeal abnormalities causing chronic stridor
- Papilloma
- Vocal cord palsies
- Laryngomalacia
Upper airway obstruction causing chronic stridor
- Severe micrognathia
- Pharyngeal cysts
Tracheal abnormality causing chronic stridor
- Tracheomalacia
- Subglottic stenosis
Causes of upper airway obstruction
- Croup
- Anaphylaxis with swelling
- Epiglottitis
- Foreign bodies
- Infection in upper airway
- Fire or burns from breathing in smoke
Categories of causes of cyanosis
- Alveolar hyperventilation
- Ventilation perfusion inequality
- Decreased affinity of oxygen to haem
- Impairment of oxygen diffusion right to left shunting
Categories of causes of alveolar hyperventilation
- CNS causes
- Hypothermia
CNS causes of alveolar hyperventilation
- Cerebral oedema
- Seizures
- Haemorrhage
- Infection
- Hypoxia-ischaemia
- Drugs
Categories of causes of VP inequality
- Cardiac
- Resp
Cardiac causes of VP inequality
- Decreased systemic perfusion decreased pulmonary blood flow
- Pulmonary atresia with intact septum
Causes of decreased systemic perfusion
- Sepsis
- Coarctation of the aorta
Causes of decreased pulmonary blood flow
- Tricuspid atresia
- Tetraology of fallot
- Critical pulmonary stenosis
Resp causes of VP inequality
- Tracheal compression
- Pneumonia
- Pleural effusion
- Bronchiolitis
- Respiratory muscle dysfunction
- Guillain-Barre
Causes of decreased affinity of oxygen to Hb
CO poisoning
Causes of impairment of oxygen diffusion
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Diaphragmatic hernia
Causes of left to right shunting
- Congenital heart defects
- AV fistula - pulmonary or systemic
- Eisenmenger syndrome
Causes of innocent murmur
- Venous hum
- Pulmonary flow murmur
- Systolic ejection murmur
Causes of pathological murmur
- Aortic stenosis
- Coarctation of aorta
- Ventricular septal defect
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Atrial septal defect
Vomiting in newborn and infants
- Overfeeding
- Gastro-oesophageal reflux
- Systemic infection, e.g. meningitis, UTI
- Small bowel obstruction
- Constipation
- Pyloric stenosis
- Whooping cough
Vomiting in older kids and adolescents
- Gastroenteritis
- Toxic ingestion or medications
- Pregnancy
- Bulimia
- Raised ICP
- Migraine
Acute abdo pain
- Acute appendicitis
- Mesenteric adenitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Intestinal obstruction
- Functional abdominal pain
- Renal calculi
- Constipation
- Lower lobe pneumonia
- Gastroenteritis
- Peptic ulcer
- Diabetes
- Henoch-Schonlein purpura
- Urinary tract infection
- Intussusception
- Colic
Acute constipation
- Hirschsprung’s
- Functional
Chronic constipation
- Bowel obstruction
- Fluid depletion
Causes of bowel obstruction
- Adhesions from previous surgery
- Congenital causes