[55] Pyelonephritis Flashcards

1
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the kidney typically due to bacterial infection

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2
Q

Acute pyelonephritis is the underlying cause of the majority of what presentations?

A

Febrile urinary tract infections in infants and young children

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3
Q

What usually causes pyelonephritis?

A

Ascension of perineal contaminants via the urinary tract to colonise the kidneys

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4
Q

Where do the perineal contaminants usually come from?

A

Bowel flora

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5
Q

What is the assumed origin of pyelonephritis in neonates?

A

Haematogenous

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6
Q

What bacteria accounts for 90% of all pyelonephritis cases?

A

E. coli

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7
Q

What other bacteria can cause pyelonephritis?

A
  • Klebsiella
  • Proteus
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • Gram +ve organisms e.g. staph and Group B Strep
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8
Q

What are the risk factors for developing pyelonephritis?

A
  • High-grade VUR
  • Congenital or acquired renal abnormalities
  • Delayed or incomplete voiding
  • Constipation
  • Catheterisation
  • Sexual activity
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9
Q

What are the potential causes of delayed or incomplete voiding?

A
  • Neurogenic bladder
  • Obstruction
  • Dysfunctional voiding
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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis in neonates?

A
  • Jaundice
  • Hypothermia or fever
  • Poor feeding
  • Vomiting
  • Failure to thrive
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11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis in infants and young children?

A
  • Fever (longer than 48 hours)
  • Poor feeding
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Foul urine
  • Haematuria
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12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis in pre-school and school-age children?

A
  • Fever
  • Abdominal pain or flank pain
  • Vomiting, diarrhoea and anorexia
  • Foul urine
  • Haematuria
  • Voiding related symptoms e.g. enuresis, dysuria, urgency and frequency
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13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis in adolescents?

A
  • Fever, often with chills and rigors
  • Flank pain
  • Abdominal and suprapubic pain
  • Voiding related symptoms
  • Foul urine
  • Haematuria
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14
Q

What investigations can be used in pyelonephritis?

A
  • Urinalysis
  • Urine culture
  • U&E’s
  • ESR
  • Imaging
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15
Q

What are the signs of a UTI on urinalysis?

A
  • Nitrites
  • Leukocytes
  • Blood
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16
Q

Does a normal urinalysis result exclude pyelonephritis?

A

No

17
Q

What urine culture result is diagnostic of a UTI?

A

Clean catch sample with more than 100,000 CFU’s of a single organism

18
Q

Why might U&E’s be abnormal in pyelonephritis?

A

Due to diarrhoea and vomiting

19
Q

What ESR result is indicative of pyelonephritis in the picture of a febrile UTI?

A

30mm/h

20
Q

What imaging can be useful in assessing pyelonephritis?

A
  • USS

- Voiding cystourethrography

21
Q

What are the differentials for pyelonephritis?

A
  • Bacteraemia
  • Kawasaki disease
  • UTI
  • Appendicits
  • Urolithiasis
22
Q

How is the antibiotic of choice determined in pyelonephritis?

A

Based on urine cultures

23
Q

How should pyelonephritis be treated prior to culture results?

A

Empirically based on local E. coli sensitivity

24
Q

How long should IV antibiotics be given for?

A

3-4 days

25
Q

How long should oral antibiotics be given post IV antibiotics?

A

10-14 days

26
Q

When is hospitalisation for pyelonephritis necessary?

A
  • Toxicity or sepsis
  • Signs of obstruction or underlying disease
  • Inability to tolerate oral fluids or medication
  • Infants younger than 2
27
Q

What should happen to patients managed as outpatients after 48 hours?

A

Re-assessment of hydration and response to therapy

28
Q

What are the potential complications of pyelonephritis?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Renal parenchymal scarring
  • Hypertension
  • Decreased renal function
  • Renal failure