[16] Tetralogy of Fallot Flashcards
What is Tetralogy of Fallot?
A congenital cardiac malformation involving anterior and cephalad deviation of the muscular outlet of the ventricular septum resulting in 4 classical findings
What are the 4 classical findings of Tetralogy of Fallot?
- Large VSD
- Overriding aorta
- Sub-pulmonary stenosis
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
What kind of congenital heart disease is T of F?
Cyanotic
Why is T of F a cyanotic heart defect?
There is right to left shunting via the VSD due to the pulmonary stenosis and right sided hypertrophy
What are the risk factors for T of F?
- Trisomy 21, 18, or 13
- DiGeorge syndrome
- Alagille’s syndrome
- Mutation in NKX2.5 gene
When are most children with T of F diagnosed?
Antenatally or following identification of a murmur in the first 2 months
What are the clinical features of T of F?
- Hypercyanotic episodes
- Harsh systolic ejection murmur
- Cyanosis
- Tachypnoea
- Clubbing of fingers and toes in older children
What is a hypercyanotic episode?
Rapid increase in cyanosis with irritability or crying and breathlessness and pallor
When is the harsh systolic ejection murmur first heard?
From the first day of life
What will happen as right ventricular outflow obstruction increases?
The murmur will shorten and cyanosis will increase
What investigations can be used in T of F?
- CXR
- ECG
- Echo
- Cardiac cathaterisation
What will a CXR show in T of F?
- Relatively small heart
- Uptilted apex (boot shaped) due to right ventricular hypertrophy
- Right-sided aortic arch
- Pulmonary artery ‘bay’
- Decreased pulmonary vascular markings
What will an echo show in T of F?
Expected features of T of F
When may cardiac catheterisation be needed in the investigation of T of F?
To show detailed anatomy of coronary arteries
What are some differential diagnoses of T of F?
- Other cyanotic congenital heart defects
- Pulmonary stenosis
- VSD