[16] Tetralogy of Fallot Flashcards

1
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

A congenital cardiac malformation involving anterior and cephalad deviation of the muscular outlet of the ventricular septum resulting in 4 classical findings

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2
Q

What are the 4 classical findings of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  • Large VSD
  • Overriding aorta
  • Sub-pulmonary stenosis
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy
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3
Q

What kind of congenital heart disease is T of F?

A

Cyanotic

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4
Q

Why is T of F a cyanotic heart defect?

A

There is right to left shunting via the VSD due to the pulmonary stenosis and right sided hypertrophy

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5
Q

What are the risk factors for T of F?

A
  • Trisomy 21, 18, or 13
  • DiGeorge syndrome
  • Alagille’s syndrome
  • Mutation in NKX2.5 gene
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6
Q

When are most children with T of F diagnosed?

A

Antenatally or following identification of a murmur in the first 2 months

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7
Q

What are the clinical features of T of F?

A
  • Hypercyanotic episodes
  • Harsh systolic ejection murmur
  • Cyanosis
  • Tachypnoea
  • Clubbing of fingers and toes in older children
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8
Q

What is a hypercyanotic episode?

A

Rapid increase in cyanosis with irritability or crying and breathlessness and pallor

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9
Q

When is the harsh systolic ejection murmur first heard?

A

From the first day of life

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10
Q

What will happen as right ventricular outflow obstruction increases?

A

The murmur will shorten and cyanosis will increase

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11
Q

What investigations can be used in T of F?

A
  • CXR
  • ECG
  • Echo
  • Cardiac cathaterisation
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12
Q

What will a CXR show in T of F?

A
  • Relatively small heart
  • Uptilted apex (boot shaped) due to right ventricular hypertrophy
  • Right-sided aortic arch
  • Pulmonary artery ‘bay’
  • Decreased pulmonary vascular markings
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13
Q

What will an echo show in T of F?

A

Expected features of T of F

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14
Q

When may cardiac catheterisation be needed in the investigation of T of F?

A

To show detailed anatomy of coronary arteries

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15
Q

What are some differential diagnoses of T of F?

A
  • Other cyanotic congenital heart defects
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • VSD
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16
Q

What is the initial management of T of F?

A

Medical management

17
Q

What is the role of medical management in T of F?

A

To cover until surgery is performed at around 6 months of age

18
Q

What surgical correction of T of F involve?

A
  • Closing the VSD

- Relieving right ventricular outflow obstruction

19
Q

What is sometimes used to close the VSD?

A

An artifical patch

20
Q

What may neonates who are very cyanosed require?

A

A shunt to increase pulmonary blood flow

21
Q

How is a shunt inserted to cyanosed infants?

A

Surgical placement of an artificial tube between the subclavian artery and the pulmonary artery or sometimes by ballon dilation in the right ventricular outflow tract

22
Q

How are hypercyanotic spells usually reversed?

A

They are usually self-limiting and followed by a period of sleep

23
Q

When may a hypercyanotic spell require treatment?

A

When they are prolonged (beyond around 15 mins)

24
Q

How may hypercyanotic spells treated?

A
  • Sedation and pain relief
  • IV propranolol
  • IV volume administration
  • Bicarbonate to correct acidosis
  • Muscle paralysis and artificial ventilation
25
Q

What are some complications of T of F?

A
  • MI

- Cerebrovascular accidents