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Nutrition > Dietary and Nutritional Surveys > Flashcards

Dietary and Nutritional Surveys Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of a Survey

A

Cross sectional examination at a given moment in time

Captures data on the world around you

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2
Q

Surveys

A

Cross sectional examination of what’s going on at a given moment

Representative sample

Tey are of maximum utility when  combined with other snapshots
# In time, or geography or societal
# Detect trends
# Determine relationships
# Draw comparisons/ make distinctions
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3
Q

changes in dietary behaviour / trend

A

Occupational changes

Lifestyle changes

Changes in availability of food

Obesity prevalence

Technological changes= Internet, mobile communication

Life expectancy

Expectations of life

Education levels

Consumer demands

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4
Q

Occupational changes

A 
# Decline of manufacturing and manual labour
# Increase in service sector
# Information industries
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5
Q

Lifestyle changes

A 
# Pub visits
# Gym usage
# Restaurant usage
# Smoking patterns
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6
Q

Changes in availability of food

A 
# Economics
# Climate change
# Cultural change
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7
Q

Expectations of life

A 
# Social mobility
# Travel
# Affluence
# Social support
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8
Q

Consumer demands

A

Organic foods
Sustainable foods
Functional or added benefit foods
Healthy food options

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9
Q

Diet and Nutrition Surveys- Purpose

A

Dietary knowledge, behaviour and attitude assessments

Monitoring of general health in the population

Monitoring the diet quality, safety and nutritional status of the population
# Identify nutritional problems
# Risk groups
# Changing patterns of consumption
# Associations between patterns of consumption and disease risk
# Evaluation of the effectiveness of government programs  -  Change for life

Informing public health policy

Food supply and demand determinations

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10
Q

Food supply- food balance sheets

A 
# Per capita intake by nation
# National comparisons can be made
# Food availability
# Not consumption
# Assumes market prices can be met
# Crude estimate of adequacy of the food supply
# No data on distribution within the population
# Wastage is very hard to measure = disproportionate
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11
Q

Household budget surveys

A

Expenditure and food survey:
~ National food survey
~ Family expenditure survey

# Household representatives are asked to report all food entering the household for 1 week
# Expense and amount reported
# Includes homegrown food
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12
Q

Expenditure and Food Survey Methodology

A 
# Voluntary sample
# Each household member over seven records food purchases for two weeks
# In 2007 =  14647 people, 6141 households
# (purchases not consumption)
# Households classified according to a ‘Household reference person’: Income/ Social class
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13
Q

Expenditure and Food Surve

A

Run by the Office for National Statistics
Principal strength is that it dates backs to the 1940s

# Annual report of food and drink purchases by households in the UK
# Identifies trends / Identifies geographical patterns in purchasing
# In 2001 the survey was adapted to account for purchases outside the home
#Nutritional context

Most recently ‘Family Food’
Household budget survey
Formerly the ‘national food survey’

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14
Q

Household budget surveys- uses

A 
# Crude measure of changing patterns of expenditure on food
# allow cross national comparisons
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15
Q

Household budget surveys - disadvantage

A 
# Different means of collating information between surveys
# Historically no record of food consumed outside of the home
# Measure of purchases not consumption
# Intrusive = Selectively representative
# No measure of differences in consumption = Men, women, children within the house.
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16
Q

Individual surveys

A 
Individuals are asked about their dietary consumption
Questionnaire based
# Food frequency questionnaires
# 24 hour recalls 
# Food diaries

Data can be strengthened with analytical measures

# Optimum measure of food consumption by the individual
# Provide data on diet, nutritional status, and general health of the population 
# In the UK the NDNS is the best available individual survey
17
Q

NDNS Aims

A

To establish a database of the range of food, drink and nutrient intakes against which future changes in dietary habits could be assessed

To establish the average, and distributions of anthropometric, haematological, and biochemical measures of nutritional status against which future changes could be monitored

Provide detailed quantitative information on the food and nutrient intakes as a basis for Government policy

Describe the characteristics of individuals with intakes of specific nutrients that are above and below the national average

Provide a database to enable the calculation of likely dietary intakes risk assessment

Measure nutritional status or dietary biomarkers and to relate these to dietary, physiological and social data

Provide measurements of body size on a representative sample of individuals and examine their relationship to social, dietary, health and anthropometric data

Monitor the population diet and establish the extent to which it is adequately nutritious and varied

• Monitor the diet of specified groups and recommended by independent experts for optimal health, in order to act as a basis for policy development

18
Q

National Diet and Nutrition Survey

A

First survey 1986/7 [Adults 16-64]
Last survey 2014 [Adults 19-64]
Ongoing rolling programme to update survey findings

Other surveys for the rest of the population:
above 64
aged 1½ to 4½ years
young people aged 4 to 18 years

Low Income Diet and Nutrition survey

19
Q

NDNS design

A

2635 volunteers; Adults aged 16-64 living in private households

Pregnant women excluded

Only one individual per household [disadvant : Bias / Burden]

Sampling strategy - Multi-stage random probability design

Subjects were recruited in wards from electoral registers = 33 addresses per ward were targeted

20
Q

NDNS- methodology

A 
Interview questionnaire
 # Personal and household information, general info on dietary habits
 # Dietary supplementation
 # Medicines
 # Oral health
Seven day weighed food diary & physical activity diary
 # Food consumption in and out of the home

Tap water sample for fluoride assessment

Anthropometric measurements = Height, weight, wrist diameter, waist, hip and mid upper arm circumference
Blood pressure and heart rate
Blood collection
24 hr Urine Collection

21
Q

Dietary intake- a weighed food diary

A

Measurement of total energy

Measurement of types of foods consumed

Measurement of macro and micronutrient intake

Measurement of foods consumed inside and outside of the home

22
Q

Urinary Analytes

A

Markers of exposure:

Creatinine/ Sodium / Potassium/ Fluoride/ Urea

23
Q

NDNS Venous Blood

A

slide 32- 33

24
Q

Health Survey for England

A

Annual survey

Core topics
general health/ smoking/ drinking
fruit and vegetable consumption
height / weight / blood pressure measurements

Different focus each year:
cardiovascular disease
physical activity

25
Q

Combining surveys

A

Secular trends in diet (left) and activity (right) in relation to obesity in Britain.

# Data for diet from National Food Survey 
# Data for body mass index from Office of Population Censuses and Surveys and historical surveys
# Data for television viewing and car ownership from Central Statistical Office
26
Q

Comparing populations- Three types of Survey

A 
Nationwide surveys of individuals
# National food consumption surveys= NDNS
Household Budget surveys
# DAFNE project harmonises food budget surveys in European countries = Family food expenditure and food survey
Food Balance sheets
# Food and agriculture organisation of the UN
27
Q

European surveys

A 
HBSC study (WHO):
Health behaviour in school aged children
43 countries
Cross sectional surveys
1983-2007

EPIC study:
European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition
10 European countries
Populations diet characterised

28
Q

Comparing regional intakes

A

using National food surveys

Nutrition (22 decks)

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