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Nutrition > CHO > Flashcards

CHO Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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2
Q

Condensation

A

A carbon on a monosaccharide bond with the oxygen of another –> release one molecule of H2O

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3
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The disaccharide bond breaks and require one molecule of water to complete the two monosaccharide

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4
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

3-10 monomeric units
i.e. Raffinose, Stachyose, Verbascose

Fructans (3-50 residues)

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5
Q

Raffinose, Stachyose, Verbascose

A

short-chain sugars of galactose, glucose & fructose.

- undigestable by endogenous enzymes
- fermented by large intestine bacteria
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6
Q

Fructans

A
  • fructose residues attached to single glucose
    • insignificant gut hydrolysis
    • fermented by large intestine bacteria
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7
Q

Polysaccharides

A

multiple sugar units

Starch (polymer of D-glucose)

- 2 forms amylose or amylopectin
- major carbohydrate in diet 
    - found in grains, vegetables, legumes

Glycogen
- Highly branched chains of glucose units
[ a 1-4 , a- 1-6 branching]
- Body’s storage form of carbohydrate

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8
Q

amylose & amylopectin

A
  • Starch granules – semi-crystaline insoluble in water, retarding digestion.
  • On heating with water semi-crystaline disrupted
  • Random conformation readily assessable
  • Cooling recrystalisation
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9
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

Maltose
α-1,4 glycosidic bond

Cellobiose
β-1,4 glycosidic bond

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10
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

α-1,5 glycosidic bond

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11
Q

Rapidly digestible starch (RDS)

A
  • found in freshly cooked starch foods

- Rapid digestion

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12
Q

Slowly digestible starch (SDS)

A
  • found in most raw cereals

- Slow digestion

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13
Q

Type of starch

A

Rapidly digestible starch (RDS)

Slowly digestible starch (SDS)

Resistant starch (RS)

  • Physically inaccessible
  • Resistant granules
  • Retrograded amylose
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14
Q

Physically inaccessible resistant starch (RS)

A

in raw potato/banana

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15
Q

Resistant granules resistant starch (RS)

A

Cooked potato cooled

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16
Q

Retrograded amylose resistant starch (RS)

A

Bread, cornflakes

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17
Q

Resistant starch (RS)

A

Partly milled grain/seeds

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18
Q

Total Fiber =

A

Dietary Fiber + Functional Fiber

  • Indigestible chains of monosaccharides
  • Nonstarch polysaccharides: long chains
  • Found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and legumes
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19
Q

Fiber types

A

[ i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums, mucilages

Lignins, beta-Glucans, Chitin and Chitosan ]

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20
Q

CHO function in body

A
  • Digestion and absorption
  • Normal Use of Glucose
    • Using Glucose for Energy
    • Storing Glucose as Glycogen
  • Sparing Body Protein
  • Preventing Ketosis
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21
Q

Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

A

Mouth - Salivary amylase begins digestion of starch

Small intestine - Pancreatic amylase completes starch digestion / Brush border enzymes digest disaccharides

End products of carbohydrate digestion- Glucose, fructose, galactose –> Absorbed into bloodstream

Fibers are not digested- Fermented in gut or excreted in feaces

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22
Q

Pre-stomach Digestion

A

Salivary amylase : a 1-4 endoglycosidase
- to cleaves internal a1-4 glycosidic bond within a poly or oligosaccharide

Cannot attack a1-4 linkase close to 1-6 branch points.

Break into:
a Limit dextrins/ maltotriose/ maltose/ isomaltose

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23
Q

Stomach Digestion

A
  • Not much carbohydrate digestion
  • Acid and pepsin to unfold proteins
  • Ruminants have four stomachs with extensive microbial populations to breakdown and anaerobically ferment feed
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24
Q

Small Intestine

A

has Pancreatic enzymes: a-amylase

cleave amylose –> maltotriose & maltose
cleave amylopectin –> maltotriose & maltose & a Limit dextrins

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25
Q

Break down of a- Limit dextrins involves enzymes:

A 
[6]   Glucoamylase (maltase) or a-dextrinase  [twice]
[4] --> a-dextrinase
[3] --> maltase
[2] --> sucrase
[1 ]
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26
Q

Alpha dextinase

A

cleaves 1,6-alpha glucosidic linkages

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27
Q

Maltase

A

specifically removes a single glucose from the non- reducing end of a linear a1-4 glucose chain…breaking down maltose into glucose.

28
Q

Starches break down to glucose

A

Starches [α-amylase] –> α-dextrins [α-dextrinase] + Maltose [Maltase] + Glucose

29
Q

Sucrose break down to glucose

A

Sucrose [Invertase (Sucrase)] –> Fructose + Glucose

30
Q

Lactose break down to glucose

A

Lactose [Lactase] –> Galactose + Glucose

31
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

lack of lactase to hydrolysis lactose found in milk and break down in to glucose & galactose

75% adult population have lactose intolerance

32
Q

Sugar transporters

A
  • GLUT5 - Facilitative (passive) transporters
  • GLUT2 - Facilitative (passive) transporters
    [move sugars from high to low conc]
  • SGLT1 – Active transporters
  • Na+/K+ -ATPase (work along with SGLT1)
33
Q

Transportation of sugars in enterocytes

A

Ability to transport >10kg/day glucose, galactose and fructose

Rare genetic defects which prevents absorption of some sugars

34
Q

GLUT5

A

Fructose from Gut into membrane

Facilitative (passive) transporters
[move sugars from high to low conc]

35
Q

GLUT2

A

Fructose, glucose, galactose from gut cell into blood stream

Facilitative (passive) transporters
[move sugars from high to low conc]

36
Q

SGLT1

A

Glucose, galactose, Na+ from gut lumen into gut cell

Active transporters
[required to move all glucose from low to high concentrations to ensure complete absorption from the intestine]

[Achieved by linking glucose transport to that pf sodium ie sodium moves down a strong concentration gradient carrying glucose with it up a concentration gradient]

37
Q

High blood glucose

A

Insulin release:

  • stimulate cells to take up glucose from blood
  • stimulate liver and muscle to store glucose as glycogen
38
Q

Low blood glucose

A

Glucagon release:

  • stimulate liver to make glucose from amino acid
  • stimulate liver to break down glycogen into glucose
39
Q

Insulin action

A
  • Uptake and utilisation of glucose in muscle
  • Uptake and storage of glucose in liver and muscle
    which involves glucose transporters (e.g Glut4 in adipose tissue) & glycogenesis
  • Induction of lipogenesis
  • Protein uptake and biosynthesis in muscle
40
Q

Glucagon action

A
  • Glucagon released in response to falling plasma glucose
  • Induces glycogenolysis - Break down glycogen from the liver into glucose
  • Induces gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidneys, to produce glucose from non- CHO precursors
  • Induce Lipolysis
41
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

produce glucose from non- CHO precursors

Protein breakdown in muscle & release of amino acids
Using amino acid as substrate: Glutamine and alanine
take up in liver and kidney for gluconeogenesis
Or
Lactate in Cori cycle
Or
Glycerol from Triglyceride breakdown

42
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen breakdown from Muscle & liver

CHO slide 38

43
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue

Products:
~ Glycerol- glucogenic
~ Free fatty acids - not glucogenic, muscle fuel, ketone bodies

44
Q

Hyperglyceamia

A
  • Blood sugar >10 mmol/ l
  • Common in diabetes
  • Sugar toxicity - Diabetic coma
45
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A
  • Low blood sugar

- Brain has a requirement for glucose, but it can adapt to ketone bodies

46
Q

Symptoms of short term sugar starvation

A

Tiredness / Confusion/ Irritability / Sweating

47
Q

Diminishing Sugar Supply

A

Fatty acids - Main energy supply

Gluconeogenesis- Amino acids/ Lactate/ Glycogen

Ketogenesis- Liver/ Acetate/ Acetoacetate / hydroxybutyrate

48
Q

NDNS Adults aged 19-64 years (2003)

Mean intake CHO

A

275g/day (47.7% eng) men
203g/day (48.5% eng) women

Cereals & cereal products (45% total CHO)
Potatoes & savoury snacks (12% total CHO)

49
Q

COMA Nutritional Aspects Cardiovascular disease (1994)

A

Dietary eng derived from CHO increase to 55% total eng

Complex CHO and sugars in fruits & vegetables restore eng deficit in fat reduction.

50
Q

COMA DRV (1991)

A

Non-milk extrinsic sugars 10% total eng
Intrinsic & milk sugars & starch 37% total eng
Total CHO 47% total energy

51
Q

Glycaemic Index

Formula

A

the blood-glucose raising potential of CHO foods.

Incremental area under blood glucose response curve of 50g CHO portion of test food expressed as % of response of 50g CHO portion from standard food taken by same subject (white bread).

GI (%) = ( IAUC of glucose for test food / IAUC of glucose for reference food) X 100

52
Q

Moderating extrinsic sugar intake

A
  • Use less added sugar
  • Limit soft drinks, sugary cereals, and candy
  • Choose fresh fruits or those canned in water or juice
53
Q

Strategies for Increasing Fiber Intake

A
  • Grains, especially whole grains
  • Legumes
  • Vegetables
54
Q

Nutritive Sweeteners

A
  • Natural v. refined

- Sugar alcohols

55
Q

Non-nutritive Sweeteners

A
  • Saccharin
  • Aspartame
  • Acesulfame K
  • Sucralose
  • Other sweeteners
56
Q

Sugar and Children’s Behavior

A

In a study designed to determine whether or not sugar truly affects a child’s behavior,

the results indicated that dietary sugar does not cause adverse behavior.

57
Q

Dental Health

A

Good dental hygiene, adequate fluoride, and proper nutrition help maintain healthy teeth.

A well-balanced diet contains vitamins and minerals crucial for healthy bones and teeth.

58
Q

Dental caries and sugar

A

Population where total sugar

59
Q

COMA Panel recommendations on sugar

A

No evidence that intrinsic sugars or lactose in milk have adverse effects on health.

Extrinsic sugars (not lactose) predominantly sucrose contribute significantly to dental caries

60
Q

Health benefits from apples.

A

Apples have a high pectin content, a soluble fiber known to be an effective GI regulator.

61
Q

Dietary fiber

A

consists of non- digestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intact and intrinsic in plants.

62
Q

Functional fiber

A

isolated, nondigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans.

63
Q

Metabolic effects of dietary fiber

A

High fibre diet associated with

  • Prevention of type 2 diabetes
  • Decreased inflammatory status
  • potential of cancer prevention
  • increase energy density/ bulking effects or fulling /
  • Regulate gut hormones

Soluble fibre:
- Decrease total & LDL cholesterol/ gastric emptying

Insoluble fibre:
- Increase insulin sensitivity / gut transit time

64
Q

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus

A

Uncontrolled blood sugar

Auto immune disorder- Beta cells in pancreas are destroyed, Insulin production is knocked out
Often childhood onset

Management via insulin injections

65
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Beta cells overworked

Insulin resistance - Chronic high exposure to insulin renders target cells unresponsive to its action

Associated with high sugar intake, central adiposity and sedentary lifestyles

Nutrition (22 decks)

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