Anthropometric Assessment Flashcards
Purpose
To identify symptoms of deficiency disease
To identify those at risk of deficiency disease
To identify wasting associated with other disease processes
To identify those for whom body weight and nutrition may be a health concern
Malnutrition
11- 19 % of over 65s in the UK
60 % of over 65s in a hospital setting
40 % of the hospitalised population
Medical history
Change of weight # Disease driven/ Driver for disease
Loss of strength (e.g. grip test)
Loss of appetite # General Satiety # Nausea or vomiting
Barriers to food consumption
GI health
Bowel habits: Changes/ Bleeding
Previous or current diagnosed disease
Medication
Supplement usage
Alcohol and smoking
Evidence of deficiency disease:
Rash/ Stomatitis/ Glossitis/ Bitot’s spots/ Retinopathy
Neuropathies
Evidence of dehydration:
Hypotension/ Tachycardia
Clinical symptoms
slide 10-11
Attained adult height
Genetics
Nutrition
Disease
Gender
# Attained adult height is indicative of nutritional adequacy during growth years # Mean height increased in men by 1 cm per decade through the 20th century. # Socio-cultural phenomenon - Higher representation of taller people in wealthier cohorts
Taller decreased risk of
Protection against cardiovascular disease
Protection against metabolic disease
Protection against COPD
Taller increased risk of
Colorectal cancer
Breast cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Ovarian cancer
Measurement of height
Feasible in an ambulatory population
Difficulties with the infirm or the disabled
Alternative measures: # Ulna length= Elbow to wrist
# Demispan = distance from middle of sternal notch to middle finger tips F height = 1.35 x demispan + 60.1 M height = 1.40 x demispan + 57.8
body mass index
A tool for the assessment of body weight related to height
BMI= Weight (kg) / Height^2 (m2)
Classification of overweight and obesity based on BMI
Underweight
Lean muscle = Metabolically very active
because
Insulin sensitive
Glucose clearance
Glucose utilisation
Skeleton is prone to
Prone to deficiency disease
Prone to weakening with age, sub-optimal nutrition and physical activity patterns
Fat mass is important as
# Energy reserve # Protection against trauma # Endocrine function # Inflammatory organ: Metabolic disease/ Cancer
Waist : Hip Ratio
Simple method for describing the distribution of both adipose tissue
Waist:hip ratio increases with age and excessive weight, both separately and in combination
M F high risk >0.95 >0.85 moderate risk 0/9- 0.95 0.8 - 0.85 low risk
6 common anatomical site
biscep/ forearm / Abdomen/ thigh/ hips/ calf
Skin fold thickness
provide an estimate of the size of the subcutaneous fat deposit –> provides an estimate of the total body fat
Measurements made using calipers (Harpenden)
Common 4 sites for Skin fold thickness
Triceps / Biceps /Subscapular /Suprailiac
Raw measurements are then put into regression equations to estimate % body fat
Mid arm circumference
Used to estimate total body muscle
Mid arm muscle circumference
= mid arm circumference – (pi x tricep skinfold thickness)
Body density
# Air or water displacement - Exact measure of body volume # Combine with measurement of weight and height # Muscle heavier than fat # Estimation of body composition
Body density= Weight/ Volume
% body fat = 495/D - 450
Bioelectrical impedance
Higher body water, greater lean muscle mass
Body fat- Desirable range:
Men 11- 22 %
Women 24-34 %
Body fat more safely stored around the legs than the trunk
Scan for body compositiion
Dual energy X ray absorbtiometry
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Atoms of the body placed in a magnetic field - Orientates them with the same spin
Radiowaves introduced - Shifts the spin depending on the atom
Radiowave removed atom reverts releasing energy
This is detected
