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AG > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a normal fasting blood glucose range?

A

<100mg/dL

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2
Q

What is a normal range for a glucose tolerance test?

A

<140mg/dL

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3
Q

What is the normal range of a hemoglobin A1C test?

A

4-6%

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4
Q

Symptoms of T1DM?

A

polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss.

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5
Q

Symptoms of T2DM?

A

polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged wound healing, and vision changes.

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6
Q

Acute complications of T1DM?

A

DKA caused by absence of insulin and production of ketones

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7
Q

Acute complications of T2DM?

A

HHS caused by insulin deficiency and profound dehydration

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8
Q

What are risk factors for diabetes?

A

genetics, high BMI, limited physical inactivity, high cholesterol levels, metabolic syndrome, hx of POS and cardiovascular disease.

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9
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

HTN, insulin resistance, abnormal cholesterol levels, large abdominal circumference.

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10
Q

What causes polyphagia in diabetes?

A

Because the glucose is all in the bloodstream the cells receive no glucose and therefore cell starvation triggers polyphagia

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11
Q

Criteria for the diagnosis of pre-diabetes?

A

fasting blood glucose > 100-125mg/dL
glucose tolerance test > 140-199mg/dL
A1C 5.7-6.4

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12
Q

Criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes?

A

A1C> 6.5% AND fasting blood glucose or equal to 126mg/dL.
OR
2hr blood glucose = or > 200mg/dL during oral glucose tolerance test.
OR
client showing classic manifestations of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random blood glucose concentration greater than 200mg/dL

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13
Q

T/F. Patients with T1DM often have weight loss and increased appetite during the weeks before diagnosis.

A

True

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14
Q

Which test is generally used for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes?

A

oral glucose tolerance test

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15
Q

Which tests are generally used for the diagnosis of diabetes in non pregnant adults?

A

A1C and fasting blood glucose

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16
Q

Patients w/ diabetes should wash their feet daily with what?

A

Lukewarm water and soap

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17
Q

Should patients with diabetes apply lotion to their feet?

A

Yes, but not between the toes

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18
Q

Can patients with diabetes soak their feet?

A

No, unless specified by provider

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19
Q

What sugar level is considered mild hypoglycemia?

A

<70mg/dL

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20
Q

What are the sx of mild hypoglycemia?

A

hungry, irritable, shaky, nervousness

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21
Q

Patient education for mild hypoglycemia?

A

consume 15g of carbs, retest blood sugar in 15 minutes, repeat tx if glucose remains <70, eat a small snack of carbs and protein if your next meal is more than 1 hour away.

22
Q

What sugar level is considered moderate hypoglycemia?

A

<40mg/dL

23
Q

What are the sx of moderate hypoglycemia?

A

cold, clammy skin, pale, rapid pulse, rapid shallow respirations, marked change in mood, drowsiness

24
Q

Patient education for treating moderate hypoglycemia?

A

consume 30g of rapidly absorbed carbs, retest glucose in 15 minutes, repeat if glucose is <60

25
Q

What glucose level is considered severe hypoglycemia?

A

<20mg/dL

26
Q

Sx of severe hypoglycemia?

A

unable to swallow, unconscious, difficulty arousing, and convulsions

27
Q

Patient education for tx of severe hypoglycemia?

A

Give prescribed dose of glucagon, give second dose in 10 minutes if patient remains unconscious, if still unconscious call 911

28
Q

Risk of hypoglycemia increases when food is delayed for how long?

A

more than 10 minutes

29
Q

Insulin storage education?

A

store in the refrigerator, keep out of sunlight and heat, have a spare supply of each type of insulin used, store pre-filled syringes in upright position, inspect vial for changes in clarity, precipitation, or color.

30
Q

What labs are checked for the management of diabetes?

A

A1C, blood glucose, urinalysis, and BUN/creatinine

31
Q

How are the Dawn phenomenon and Somogyi effect similar?

A

both associated with increased blood glucose in the morning

32
Q

What is the Dawn phenomenon?

A

when fasting blood glucose levels are high in the morning because the body does not have enough insulin

33
Q

What is the Somogyi effect?

A

Too much insulin at night causes the blood glucose to drop so the body responds by releasing hormones and glucose stores from the liver to increase blood glucose.

34
Q

When should patients check blood sugar levels to determine if they are experiencing the Dawn or Somogyi effect?

A

2-3am

35
Q

If the blood sugar is low at 2am but high in the morning the patient is experiencing what?

A

Somogyi effect

36
Q

If the blood sugar is normal or high at 2am, and high in the morning the patient is experiencing what?

A

Dawn phenomenon

37
Q

How can the Dawn phenomenon be managed?

A

providing more insulin for the overnight period (intermediate or long acting)

38
Q

How is the Somogyi effect managed?

A

adequate dietary intake at bedtime or reduce level of insulin at night

39
Q

Under what circumstances might a patient need to check blood sugar more frequently?

A

use of insulin pumps, new use of insulin or medications, acute illness/disease process, when fasting, feeling symptomatic, before and after exercise

40
Q

How many grams of carbs should be ingested for every hour of moderate intensity exercise?

A

10-15g

41
Q

Simple carbohydrates that a diabetic person can carry to treat hypoglycemia?

A
  1. glucose tablets or glucose gel
  2. 6-10 Life Savers or hard candy
  3. 4tsp of sugar
  4. 4 sugar cubes
  5. 1 tbsp of honey or syrup
  6. 1/2 cup of fruit juice or regular (nondiet) soft drink
  7. 8oz of low fat milk
  8. 6 saltine crackers
  9. 3 graham crackers
42
Q

If a patient is experiencing sx of hypoglycemia but a glucose monitor is not available what is the priority nursing action?

A

assume hypoglycemia and treat accordingly

43
Q

If a patient is experiencing altered level of consciousness what is the priority tx?

A

injectable glucagon or 50% dextrose

44
Q

A patient being treated for DKA needs to be monitored closely for what possible complication?

A

cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure

45
Q

T/F. Patients should avoid wearing shoes for 3 days in a row

A

False, for 2 days in a row

46
Q

An insulin pump administers what kind of insulin?

A

Short duration

47
Q

What is the main cause of HHS in a diabetic patient?

A

infection or severe illness

48
Q

What symptoms will most likely be seen with HHS d/t severe dehydration?

A

Mental status changes

49
Q

What is the most common side effect of Metformin that indicates lactic acidosis?

A

diarrhea

50
Q

When should patients administer insulin Lispro before a meal?

A

10 minutes before

AG (30 decks)

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